Russia,+Japan

The Decemberist uprising was caused by a fight over who would succeed the throne, and led by western thinkers and westerned inspired leaders, it led to the tsar, Nicholas I to end liberal efforts to change political ideas, therefore expanded the secret polices, and supervised newspapers and taking control of social behaviors in Russia.
 * 1. What was the Decemberist uprising? What were its causes and effects?**

Russia had been based off of agriculture and coerced labor through the use of serfs. And because of serfdomship, increased tensions amongst class arose. In addition Russia was seperated from the Europeans, they hadn't the same technological studies and because of their isolated locations, they were in terms unfavored in the sciences and military that was so evident in Western Europe.
 * 2. What were the weaknesses of the Russian economy?**

The Crimean war 1854-1856 was fought over protecting Christian interests in the holy land, with France and Britain. The war was fought on the black sea, and each side lost 250,000 soldiers, and the west won. It convinced the Russian leaders that Russia was becoming too inferior and applied new reforms to encourage greater technology as well as mlitary and economic reforms.
 * 3. What caused the Crimean War? what were its major efects?**

Serfs were emancipated in 1861, because at that time there was no need for a coerced labor system resulting from a world economy that had already shown evidence it was unneccesary in an industrializing world economy. And emancipation differed from the US because serfs in Russia gained land and did not gain new political rights. They were still working to pay their debt to the village. Oh, and the tsar also kept his autocratic power. Some changes though included a spur in agricultural productivity, and furthered population growth.
 * 4. Why were serfs emancipated? how did their emancipation differ from the emancipation of slaves in the U.S.? What changes did it create?**

Zemstvoes were local political councils created by the tsar, Alexander II, who provided their opinions about political service projectss( Roads, schools. This type of local control was essential, since nobles no longer directly ruled the peasantry. The zemstvoes gave middle-class people, such as doctors and lawyers, new political experience. The council though was essentially used to extend control about the peasant class; the council had no influence, as the tsar resolutely maintained his own authority and that of his extensive bureaucracy.
 * 5 What were the Zemstvoes? How successful were they?**

1870, the trans-siberian railroad stimulated iron and coal production. They also established a direct and efficient way to export agricultural goods that helped with their own mercantilist economy. It also opened Siberia up to development and allowed Russia to hold more control over Asia.
 * 6. What was the significance of the Trans-Siberian railroad?**

Witte added higher tarridds to protect the industries. He improved banking; he encouraged western investors, and advanced technology. He spurred western intervention in ideas and allowed for their superior technological studies to protect the incurring weaknesses of Russia.
 * 7. What economic reforms were enacted by Sergei Witte**

Some of the signs were that there had been increasing limitations and restrictions in reforms, which provoked many more peasant uprisings in addition to impending famines. Also intelligentsias found a need to obtain political freedom and involve new sorts of reforms, they wanted a Russia that had enlightened political systems as the Europeans had it, but not to just adopt the Western cultures. Plus there were many anarchists who oppposed the tsar and his autocracy. As well as the rise of teh BOlsheviks led by Vladimir llyich ulynov who argued that capitalism would benefit Russia in advacing industrialization.
 * 8. What were the signs that Russa was headed to revolution?**

Japan was establishing a combined bureaucracy with alliances with samuria and daimyos, while basing taxes off of agricultre to maintain it's dependent structure.Also in the intellectual and cultural life, they played neo-confucianism, putting more effort in secular ideas. Plus they initiated debates in schools to maintain an intellectual life, and by 1859 40% of all men knew how to read. Also even though there was a policy in isolation, japanese kept alive the books of westerners because of their superior knowledge in the sciences in comparison to china. Plus their economic sector established comsumer goods which led Japan on its way to industrialization.
 * Japan: Transformation without Revolution**
 * 1. Explain major developments in Japan in the early 1800's**

Commodore Perry, established American consul in Japan to obtain any political and ecnomic claim on their industries, which also led to other european countires such as Britain and France to lay claims. The daimyos agreed on this intervention by superior nations because they were stronger and better and had much more knowledge. The samuria though were discontent, they hated conceding lands, and appealed to the shogun to oppose. And by 1860 Samurais led to a coup on foreigners, killing them as well as using their arms to fend.
 * 2. What effect did the actions of Commodore Perry have on Japan? (include details on Samurai discontent)**


 * 3. List the actions taken by the Meiji State**
 * 1) Abolished fuedalism
 * 2) centralized in order to control economy and social state
 * 3) Sent samurais into foreign nations to study their systems
 * 4) established diplomatic policies, while remaining to domestically increase production
 * 5) no smaurai class, and got rid of their collection of tax.
 * 6) agricultural tax could now be paid in money
 * 7) allowed the use of bonds
 * 8) government introduced a naitonal consription
 * 9) contracts for railroad and steamships to compete with British
 * 10) reorganized the bureaucracy with civil service examinations
 * 11) created and limited power in the lower diet houes
 * 12) parliament could advise government but not control it

Japan industrialized through the interactions of western countries and their influence to the economic and social spheres in Japan. they also created new banks in which increased the proper strucute in loans and lending and putting in enough money to aim for westernized ships, ecnomic sources, new agricultural source to promote a greater ossession of food while not remaining agricultural.The government also introduced manufacturing networks to create ships, mines, and other plants and maintained supervision over foreign compitetion. Private enterprises to used textile companies to thir advantage, and used banking to help pay off and finaianced huge projects such as apartment building, and often times recieved foreign aid and advice.
 * 4. Explain how Japan Industrialized - (Private and government roles)**

politically changed the way the government worked ie got rid of samurais + their pay, organized the diet, etc. but also put pressure on foriegn policies and population growth, reduced death rates, lessened rural class, higherly educated men, moral education created new loyalty skills, and foreign books were prohibited. they also copied English cultural styles such as haircuts, dress, medicine, toothpaste, but very few converts. new imperialism also put the samurais back in work and tried to win influence in other countries, and motivation to become a world power. Modernization created divisions in generations, importance in parental authority,and traditional standards to follow. Plus the government was clashing, with the parliament attempting to regain control over the autocratic state, and was often issued with assasination attemtps, and direct actions, as well as losing tradition and disrupting the japanese cultural position.
 * 5. List ways that Industrialization changed Japan**
 * 6. What division within Japanese society were created by modernization?**