Byzantine+Empire

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Constantinople, or present-day Istanbul was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, located on the Istanbul straight connecting the Mediteranean sea and the Black Sea. There, trade travelling from the Mediteranean cviilizations were able to reach into the the Black Sea and travel even deeper into the east towards the Middle and the South eastern socities. And since trade between the Mediteranean was essentially popular everywhere in the world, Constantinople, a fortified city could easily tax the sailing merchants that head in, and accumulate trading ports for their own goods to travel around to merchants. Also Constantinople was located on the end of the penninsula, a strong geographic location against invaders.

The Byzantine Empire: Origins:
 * 1) Byzantine was founded somewhere in the 4th century CE, near the time when Constantine created Constantinople, and when Rome fell apart.
 * 2) Constantinople was based off another city, Byzantium, rich with buildings, elaborate ones arching high above.
 * 3) They avoided and warded off the huns
 * 4) They kept the imperial Roman Empire being held here in the eastern borders while the eastern half of the Roman Empire fell to pieces.
 * 5) They enjoyed a solid base of taxing peasents, thus having a strong base for economical means
 * 6) Latin was the staple language, spoken at the courts, but was replaced by Greek, which became the common language amongst all.
 * 7) New power came into play, allowing a new set of eyes
 * 8) And a new series of people from the isolated parts of the world were able to gather in Constantinople, the Arabs and the Egpytians
 * 9) + They learned fro their past mistakes and raised and recruited warriors from the middle east, rather than barbaian mercenaries
 * 10) The role of political head changed in respect to correlating with stronger powers through ceremonial praise and distinctions




 * 1) ** Justinian’s Achievements: **


 * 1) **533 CE - after Justinian/the military power of the Byzantine Empire had warded off the invading tribes**
 * 2) ** He tried to re-capture the western provinces in the attempt to take back the roman empire once more to establish strong Hellenistic values that Byzantium had once held, attributing it's powers to the ones that it used to have before the separation in rule **
 * 3) **He wanted to rebuild constantinople, after large tax raids against high taxes and the roman legal code.**
 * 4) **Built the Hagia Sophia, large dome structure that gave Byzantine the reputable advancements in architecture and engineering.**
 * 5) **His new adjustments to the code of law provided the empire with a stronger stable structure of legal rules, one that amiable amongst previous rulers, and the public.**
 * 6) **he expanded the borders of the Empire, to North Africa, creating the temp. capital of Ravenna, a art center + upheld a strong distinction in Christianity.**
 * 7) **They also took Italian holdings, with general Belisaurus as a military general**
 * 8) **The expansions Westard + the attacks from the Persians in the Middle East overturned Justinian's rule, along with the strong taxes he enforced on part of the effect of war.**

media type="custom" key="7455133" Summary of the Book of Persons: Law is to be maintained under the jurisdiction of the people for the people, whether law is written or unwritten, and it applies to everyone, albeit it may have distinctions between classes and ranks. The text is written on the premise to describe a basic structure of code/law and the way it is written, and then promote the specific statements it determines, most intact for students of a variety to properly understand the text, before it is removed to expansion in interpretations.But the law of nature/people describe the given right of all men being free at birth, but Roman law has a stronger influence on law to determine the truthful determinants between natural rights and the rights restricted by law. Also laws on marriage determine that with the attribution of dominant interest between intermarriage and men, that no one is to marry within the same family, except under the condition that they were adopted/enslave and shall have the right of marriage within the age of puberty once they are freed. **And throughout the first document of the code, strong distinctions between the "natural" and the "legal" interpretation of law are held, with example in marriage and in slavery.**

**Byzantine Empire: ** Taxation on the Capital through Trade along the Seas connecting the trade, created revenue for the capital <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Constantinople the major city for controlling the countryside, regulating tax and control food prices. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Imported silk worms from China and exported other goods such as spices and carpets to the north. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Economy happened to be introduced to the Northeastern borders of the Chinese empire as well as the Asian countries. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> With the war against the Arab-Muslims, taxations to the people increased, and weakened the agricultural life style of some farmers. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Troops were recruited locally and were rewarded with land grants for their service + allowed for the distinctions between opening classes and continuity in joint construction. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Food prices were kept low, to supply the large peasent class with food <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Developed a trading network with Asia and Russia and Scandinavia; silk production expanded, and imported luxury goods ie. clothes, carpets, spices, which were sent north as well. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The Capital helped increase denotions between the not-so-much as advanced nations and aided them/used them to supply larger nations with items of need/goods || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Latin -> Greek, Latin became a barbaric language. Troops were rewarded after being recruited locally most were Armenian Christians and Slavs, known as Roman system. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Queens/women were allowed to rule while ascertaining them through ceremonial powers; IE. Theodora and Zoe were apointed as joint rulers of the empire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Peasant large class were vital to supplying goods and providing bulk of tax revenues. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Military Leaders became hereditary leaders which displaced more traditional and better-educated rulers commited for the job, resulting in weakness of the empire. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Peasent class was given the duty to pay taxes <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> The large merchant class never gained much ground in social upheavel || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Bureaucracies remained and established complex descriptions of the state to maintain the complex uthorities ruled by the state. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -The emperor was the head of the church and state <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Women could obtain the imperial throne <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Theodora was able to manage unruly nobles, and and limit bureaucrat corruption <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Bureaucrats added centralized imperial authority <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Bureaucrats were trained by learning philosophy, science, and Greek classics <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Aristocrats dominated government, however talent also promoted an importance of people <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Eunuches were officials close to the emperor <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Government used spies to maintain loyalty <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Provincial governors kept tracks of military authorities <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Government promoted figures to the church <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> -Army + military commands increased to further help prevent conquest by Arabians <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Bulgarians were a strong force as well to be at bay with the Byzantines, where the political tension amongst them had created a strong disbelief in trust and structure || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Middle-Eastern armies + advanced boundaries to North Africa, Spain, and Italy <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Interactions with Russian, they were trading partners and military. Married sister of the Byzantine Emperor. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> After the raids between the North Slavic Tribes and the Persian forces that drove the empire out of place, Justinian’s sucessors were able to redistribute power back to the lands they lost and again uphold Christianity. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> 700’s, a strong force of Arab Muslims attempted to raid the empire, and had created a similiar naval power, repeatedly attacking Constantinople, and Byzatine lost over half of the regions. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Middle-Eastern portions of the Muslim society advanced the generally strong tensions amongst the Byzantine Empire <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In the end, Bulgaroktonos slayed the Bulgarian empire, enslaving 15,000 bulgarians, and advanced it’s empire to be “the strongest” in the time period <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Until the 15th century, Byzantine had closed off it’s gates to most disppondant enemies who aimed to destroy the empire; he Persians, Arabs, and Turks <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Also traded actively with India, Arabs, and East Asia, while also taking in goods from the western civilizations. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Greek bible was translated to Latin bible, developed different rituals in the 4th century <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Clear separation of Western and Eastern Christianity__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">. Eastern church the pope was first among equals. In Byzantine, papal directives had no hold in church but state became larger in control. Different monastic movements under different rules. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> In 1054, church patriarch people like, Patriarch Michael in Constantinople raise a host of old issues like the which kind of beard for “Christ’s Last Supper” <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Roman Catholic practices were attacked, popes were excommunication. Separation of Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Late-12th century in Constantinople church patriarch argued Muslim rule over that of the pope <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> To this day, these separation still exists. || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Engineering and architecture achievements like the Hagia Sophia <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Icon paintings: of religious Christian holy figures of saints. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Turkey had become a distinct city of great ambivalent Roman culture and Christianity <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Greek Classics, philosophy, and sciences were paralleled to the great popular advances of the church. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Cultural life revolved around the Hellenistic periods and much on the Christian belief, assumed in art and architecture || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">Attributed to having developed strong engineering and military achievements <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Hagia Sophia = holy dome of wisdom, one of the greater architectural achievements that allow for the cultural value of religion
 * <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; cursor: pointer; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; padding-right: 10px;">[] ** <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;">
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">E || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Byzantine trade centered more on the Eastern sections of the globe, China, India, Arabia, while also maintaining strong commercial values for geographic placement and interacted with less-developed nations in regards to potentially using them/ garnering simpler resources for massive distributions else where.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">s || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Societal hierarchy remained prominent in the religious life, and those that are derived from the more complex background relating to Church and of State.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">P || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**The State was issued on part of a bureaucratic complex system, similiar to that of China, and fully acknowledged the growing connection with the military state and the backing of it’s wars/raids.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Byzantium acknowledged the existance and potential value of the states north, west, and east of it, while also being raided constantly by Arab Muslims, and civilizations that detested the Byzantine Empire, although it was a lasting Civilization**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">R || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">__Ideas of State and Church mixed together__ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">: Byzantine conform more to their ideas of church-state relations.
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">I || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**The Intellectual/Cultural life mixed in with common Christian values, and Hellenistic values of old Greece, and old Roman.**
 * <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">T || <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;">**Technology became a common denotation of military accomplishments, often associated for the benifit for the military needs of the State in defense to it’s borders.**

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Boundaries -> North Africa, Spain, Italy, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline; white-space: pre-wrap;"> Greece fire of sulfur mixture, quicklime, and [|petroleum to] defend against invading Arab Muslims who wanted to control the Byzantine empire. || <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; display: block; font-size: medium; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">


 * 1) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Who were Cyril and Methodius? What did they accomplish?
 * 2) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Cyril and Methodius were missionaries, sent by the Byzantine Empire in 865, to the Czech and Slavic republics. They failed on their mission, but they continued onward to the Balkanand south Russia, where to developed a new written sciprt for a language called **Cryillic.** There they transtioned the movement of language into a phase that defined the Byzantium church culture, which was to allow languages other than the norm Church Latin be used to serve as guides inborderline religious places of worship.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">How did events in the Middle East affect the demographics of the East Central borderlands?
 * 4) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Because of the growing intolerances in the Middle-East, a series of Jewish immigrants moved into the East-borderlines of the Byzantine Empire, where they also wanted peace and sanction from the destructive nature of the western hemisphere of the Western europeans. They maiantained a strong society, strong in education, and literacy, and ability to practice their own religion, but barred from commericial trade with the expanded core of nations.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Outline the development of the Kievan Rus
 * 6) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Located in the city of Kiev by Scandanavian Traders, a monarchy developed leading to **Rurik** becoming the first prince of the Kievan Rus in 855.
 * 7) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">It was held loosely by military alliances, and regional aristocrats until the 12 th century.
 * 8) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">But in 980-1015, Vladimir I with all his people converted to Christianity
 * 9) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Yaroslav issued a codification to address the lawlessness held in the largest but decentralized state in Europe
 * 10) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">13th century, the land was held by Mongol invaders, and remained under tartar control for 2 centuries.
 * 11) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">after 1450, when Tartar invaders were forced out, Russian culture remained strong and in the 16th century, a new series of Russian accomplishment went to define a strong role in the European empires.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What important decision was made by Vladimir I?
 * 13) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">He converted his and his community's religious beliefs towards Christianity in his reign from 980-1015. He forced conversions militarily. He imported some Christian priests, and developed a Russian Orthodox Church
 * 14) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What were some of the major similarities and differences between Byzantium and the Kievan Rus?
 * 15) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Similarities
 * 16) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They both emphasized the important concept of having an autocratic ruler, with large arsenal of powers.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">They settled for the practice of monogamy, rather than the previous polygamy
 * 18) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Church was an important part of daily life, where churches were filled with incense, and icons of ornate design of saints and other figures of worship.
 * 19) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">orthodox churches were designed in the shape of a dome.
 * 20) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Differences
 * 21) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the Kievan Rus did not develop a philosophical nor a scientific culture.
 * 22) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the Keivan Rus had their own distinct focus on religious art
 * 23) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">There was more a sense of tradition through performances and theater; the Russian church attempted to supress the ruse caused from it, and considered them to be pagans (a clear seperation in thought)
 * 24) <span style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Russian Aristocrats called **boyars** had less political power.
 * 25) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">What factors led to the decline of the Kievan Rus?
 * 26) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Beggining to fade in the 12th century, Rivaling princes set up regional governments + argue over the right of succession, causing political distrust and distress
 * 27) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Invaders from Asia constantly attacked the defenses of russian territory
 * 28) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">As Byzantium fell, Russia lost a lot of trading networks and wealth.
 * 29) <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1237-1238 and 1240-1241, Mongols from Central Asia invaded the Russian state, taking it over as they went to Eastern Europe. they were known as the Tatars, and easily captured Russian cities, although did not further penetrate the borderlines west.

Summary on Eastern and Western Europe: The Problem of boundaries

**The borders of two related civilizations that developed in Europe is difficult to determine. Religion could be used to determine boundaries, as well as politics, trade, and expansion.** Many states were situated on the borders of two civilizations and shared characteristics each. If western and Eastern Europe were catagorized by mainstream culture, it is reasonable to divide them according to Orthodox and Catholic catagories, and the use of Cyrillic and Greek and Latin alphabets. Based on this idea, Poland, Czech areas, Baltic states, most of Hungary are western. South Slavs are mainly orthodox along with Russia and Ukraine, which are decidedly Orthodox. Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania formed large regional kingdoms at various times during and after the postclassical period. They were loosely organized and were limited by large aristocracies in Poland and Hungary. When Poland and Hungary distinictions revealed them to be different economic structures, trade patterns united the two regions. Borders can be altered by expansion, Russia's spread eventually incorporated regions, like Poland into its territory.Mongol invasions also captured parts of Europe, including Poland and Hungary, even though the armies did not remain there for long. For two centuries at the end of the postclassical period, divisions within eastern European countries have gained full independence from Russia after their searing divisions.