Post+Classical+Units

Table of contents: [1] 5 Pillars of Islam

[2] Summary of //The Postclassical Period, 500-1450: New Faith and New Commerce // //[3] Espirit on //The first global civilization

[1] 5 Pillars of Islam




Iman - Faith "There is none worthy of worship except God and Muhammad is the messenger of God." Pleasing and serving god is the first and foremost purpose of life. Everyone has to understand that God is the only divine being in this world, and they have to reject the nature of every other God as well. It also means that they sign a contract with God, and accept him as their master, and themselves as his slaves. In the Qur'an, it states that time and time again, prophets were sent down to the Earth and that followers must believe they are always within the presence of God and his prophets, the Qur'an also states that Muhammud was the first prophet sent down my God as well.

And this universal acceptance in faith of one divine being serves to promote the loyalty of one single religious group. With strict intolerable acceptance of other cultures and faiths, Islam was able to spread out so quickly and strived.

Salah - Prayer One must prayer to God 5 times a day; before sun, sunrise, afternon, before sunset, night fall The Muslim must pray anywhere, and prayers are to be directed/need to face towards the "Black Box" located in the middle of Islam Prayers are learned from the Qur'an

Zakah - Financial Obligations - purification and growth The terms of wealth are held by trust, therefore it is for the benefit of the Muslim to give back, to society and those in need Each person has and obligation to donate on terms of " sadaqa-h" or anonymous donations/voluntary donations based upon independent wealth. (ie. person with more $$$ should under the terms of God, pay more) "He should work with his own hands for his benefit and then give something out of such earnings in charity." "Even meeting your brother with a cheerful face is an act of charity."

Sawm - Fasting <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">" Ramada-n" is the main holiday/ritual in which Muslims must abstain on food, drinks, and sexual interactions from sunrise to sundown. Fasting is meant to be self-purifying/self-restraint, where one is able to convey their respects to God as their divine controller "O you who believe! Fasting is prescribed for you as it was prescribed to those before you that you may learn self-restraint."

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">Hajj - Pilgrimage Anyone who is abled to travel to Mecca, shall travel to Mecca to prayer and worship at least once in a life time, and if possible once a year. This usually occurs on the 9-12th day on the 12th month of the Islam Calender.

<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;">[2] Summary of //<span style="color: #984806; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt;">The Postclassical Period, 500-1450: New Faith and New Commerce //



<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The world map changes; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">It wasn’t just a matter of expansion and political goals that was responsible for a complete turnover in the postclassical era, it was then a matter of the religious spread of piety amongst Christianity, Islam, and Buddhism faiths, through the medium of surging trade within the Mediterranean Sea and Indian Ocean.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Triggers for Change; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. As the once large economy started to decline, a lot of people were more prone to practice religious faith in order to believe that they will somehow escape this troubling time period. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Through the collapse of all Classical Empires, new lands were open for the taking resulting in missionary efforts and establishing new trade opportunities between new links. (//ie. As the Byzantine Empire fell, it looked to reestablish it’s empire through Russia and Eastern Eurasia.)// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. The expansion of trade over time caused for better technologies to expand the range of trade such as more durable ships, compasses, and mapping new trade routes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">The Big Changes; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Religion and Commerce were the two largest factors amongst the result of the Postclassical Era, because religion, new people were met with faith and liberty allowing for new regional governments to grow, adopting a new rite of civilization in some cases. Trade helped through advancing the need for better technological advancements thus allowing for expanded contact and receiving.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Continuity; <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Through the establishment of new civilizations, there was often a trend to link the current to the past, whether it was to adapt the same social order or political structure as it’s past self, thus giving new civilizations tradition to forward its life with traditional values.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Impact on Daily Life: Women <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt;">Although women in the postclassical era clearly gained new benefits the net advantage though was never quite as established. Women had new religious opportunities but as civilizations expanded, so did women’s public voice inversely.

//<span style="color: #f79646; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 14pt; font-style: normal;">[3] Espirit on //The first global civilization

//<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The First Global Civilization: The Rise and Spread of Islam // //<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Desert and Town: The pre-Islamic Arabian World // //<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Clan Identity, Clan Rivalries, and the Cycle of Vengeance // //<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Towns and Long-Distance Trade //


 * 1) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Economic:
 * 2) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Arabian Warriors established large linking trade links between many civilizations around the world, through adopting and spreading many cultures/crops/merchandise.
 * 3) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">II. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mecca **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> is definitely one of those places where people from all over the continent visit due to the reverence of the Ka’ba used for religious pilgrimage in Islam. There due to the massive population of people attending the cultural legacy, markets were most acknowledged there, which equaled strong opportunities against larger markets.
 * 4) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">III. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Medina **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">also grew date palms as well as other staples and this allowed for the camels to eat a type of food in which was easy to carry and imperishable for a long time. This not only allowed for camels to survive, it also allowed for camels to travel longer distances to different networks, thus also establishing themselves as the second largest center of trade in the pre-islamic world.
 * 5) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Social:
 * 6) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">I. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Bedouin **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">: were nomadic cultures based on camel/goat herding, which is essentially the whole structure of the social system during Pre-Islamic times; they were essential in the start of Islam.
 * 7) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">II. Bedouin lived in a tight family styled environment, clans. Clans were not particularily large, but they often travel nomadically herding their camels and goats, yet once they were under attack a whole lot of clansmen would gather and do battle.
 * 8) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. They had strong Family structure due to the harsh reality of the Desert’s climate and fertility.
 * 9) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. To be cut off or expelled was the death of a Bedouin, for then they were not have anyone to back them up, no trust or easily indulgement.
 * 10) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Women enjoyed greater freedom and status in pre-Islamic Arabia than those in other civilized areas. Women played key roles such as milking camels and weaving, thus were a center of cultural activity in civilization as Men often times went out to herd. Their advice was highly regarded in politics as well.
 * 11) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">IV. In Marriage the men must pay a price to the Bride-Family, rather than the traditional other way around. + They didn’t have to wear veils over their heads that represented seclusion.
 * 12) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Political:
 * 13) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Arabian Warriors dominated the political entities in the Middle East, crippling the Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empire. (mid 630).
 * 14) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. They cleared out the Middle Eastern Kingdoms for a new civilization armed with Islam as it’s core
 * 15) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. With a warrior/nomadic group only aiming for land, there wasn’t much a culture/civilization/political group to form.
 * 16) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">II. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Shaykhs **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> were the head/leaders of their tribes, and they were elected usually from a group of elders. The Shaykhs were always men, had a large herd, many wives, and many children.
 * 17) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Their words were made laws, and often they had a group of warriors to enforce their laws in power.
 * 18) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Politics between two different clans/Bedouin tribes were most likely different from each other
 * 19) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Interactions:
 * 20) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Arabian Warriors conquered much of the Middle-East, Europe, and Reached close to Egypt, they were on the verge of creating the first global civilization in this postclassical age.
 * 21) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">II. The Arabian Warriors though were “key links” between civilizations and trade, because as the A.W.’s started to move from one side of Asia to the far side of Europe, they develop a new cultural distinction, adding onto it from previous generations and struggles as well, and with the cultural backgrounds they enhanced, they also spread around the globe //thus// creating trade links between certain nations and etc.
 * 22) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Interactions between two of the same Bedouin tribes resulted in stronger clan ties and imbitterment. If warriors found from one clan to be drinking water from another clans, they would most often times be killed for it. Wars also broke out as a result of interclan disputes with boundary issues.
 * 23) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Religious:
 * 24) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Muhammad preceded the Islamic rise, phrophecizing the arrival of a new Messiah to the people. (610-13)
 * 25) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">II. Mecca’s Ka’ba was used for religious purposes to enhance and culturalize the spread of Islam around the Bedouin communities.
 * 26) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">III. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Medina **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> (Yathrib) was also another town, the town Muhammad was given birth at, giving it religious reverence as well.
 * 27) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">IV. Before Muhammad though, the Bedouin tribes believed in animism, and polytheism. Some recognized Allah but they never really recognized him through prayers or worship. They focused more on the nature gods, worshipping them in caves and in nature itself. There wasn’t really much worship in the Bedouin tribes for gods and goddesses as aaccording to history.
 * 28) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Intellectual/Cultural:
 * 29) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Much of the Bedouin cultures were the same as those arriving from towns and cities, they had a social hierarchy, based on Confucian values of Family, and their language and cultures were basically the same.
 * 30) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">II. Warrior tribes, Bedouin believed in honor through the blade, and would also to attempt to avenge their kinsfolk if they were attacked. They attacked insults, theft, and losing. Usually the clan that comes out on top are those with the most skilled warriors.
 * 31) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. There was a code of Chilvalry that was accorded to the Bedouins early on. Battles were small, but still were pretty violent. The death of one warrior in a clan were to be avenged by attack the opposing clan, thus was a reason why the Pre-Islamic world had been consistently thought to be reciprocal, a never ending battle.
 * 32) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Much of the Women’s lives were the main culture of the time, men had no time in a clan, thus it was a women’s job. But also at the same time, there wasn’t really any spark of cultural activity, since much of the pre-Islamic civilizations were still poor and had no time on their hands, but still they had poetry.
 * 33) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Poetry were told orally because there still wasn’t a single language yet after the classical periods died. Their poems provided vision and society in Arabia, they tell of heroic deeds, of love and loyalty, battles and gods.
 * 34) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Technology/Demographic Changes:
 * 35) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">I. Key towns such as Mecca and Medina were facilitated through the Bedouin, arriving first through tribal culture and with the population linked through blood
 * 36) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">II. Mecca was located in the mountainous region along the Red Sea west of Arabia, founded by the **Umayyad of the Quraysh**. Mecca was the site of the **Ka’ba** or one the most revered religious shrines in the world.
 * 37) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 0.75in; text-indent: -0.5in;">III. Date Palms were more elaborate findings to back up a economic backbone of the whole Camel Bedouin tribes to allow for longer distance trade.

** 1.) **** How did the death of Muhammad lead ** to **the Expansion of Islam?** <span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 15.9pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;">After the death of Muhammad, a lot of new “wannabe” tribal rulers seek for the position of Caliph and successor of Muhammad. They would attack and spread the Islamic faith to appeal to the Islamic followers and get them into believing they are right for the position, while also expanding the boundaries of Islam. Also under the interest of unity, Islam banded together to attract a larger outside audience while being inclusive as well.

** 2.) What were the motivations for Islamic conquest? ** ** First of all, Islams believed that they were the undoubtful rulers of the Kingdom of the World under Allah, and that they can just go around glorifying Islam through Holy wars forcibly spreading the religion to all places of the world. Also they were already built up through the war like tribal warfare of the Bedouin Tribes. Plus Islam was a new religion, thus they wanted under the name of Allah to defend and protect its traditions against the non-arabian people. **

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 15.9pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;"> **3.) How were the Umayyads able to defeat their adversaries?**

<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; line-height: 15.9pt; margin-bottom: 12pt;">The Umayyad’s adversaries were internally weak and ill prepared for battle. The Sasanian Empire and the Byzantine Empires were already weakened through years of battle with each other, and also had their own social overturnings. There was political weakness, and aristocracy was unpopular amongst the public. Also due to the Umayyad’s strength in the navy, overturned Byzantine rule over the seas in which they previously controlled. **<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">4.)What caused the major division in Islam? **

**<span style="color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif;">The division was a “political division” surrounding the death of Muhammad. The Sunni clan believed and acknowledged the the first four caliph’s as true sucessors, while the Shi’a supported Ali’s heirs asMuhammad’s true sucessors due to violence from internal struggles and pressure from rivaling forces and divisions brought up from the tribal disputes over becoming caliph after Muhammad. **

5.)What was the extent of the Islamic Empire under the Umayyads?

** Under Umayyads, the Islamic Empire spread west, to north African, north to ** ** Persia, northwest to spain, east to India. **

** 6.)How were people of the book treated under the Umayyads? ** ** The Ummayads failed in preventing interaction between the Muslim and the non-Muslims. Non-Muslims had to pay a property tax, and were taxed more greatly than Muslims. When sacking a village, those of no faith received nothing. They tolerated other religions but the desired everyone to convert. They made a religion tax upon the non-Muslim. **

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">** 7.)Explain gender structures under the Umayyads ** <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black;">Under the Umayadds, men were allowed to have different wives, but they had to treat each of them with the same respectand equality. Men had to pay the bridesmaid their inheritance money, rather than give it to the father. Women were monogamous, they couldn’t participate in politics, and could not lead in shahada.

<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial;">** 8.)What factors led to the decline of the Umayyads? ** <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: white; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; color: black; font-family: Arial,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; line-height: 115%;">There were a variety of reasons for the decline of the Umayyads, including the corruption of caliphs, of a complex society, of focusing more on wealth and spread of Islamic architecture that was unnecessary, but it was also due to the rallying of rivaling factions that attacked the Umayyads such as the Shi’a political group which was allied to the Abbasid tribe. In the battle of the River Zab, in 750 the Abbasid army was able to capture the capital and inherit the dominant title to look after the Islamic world.

<span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in;">Islam: Empire of Faith!

<span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. A quarter of the people on earth are Islam <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. West – don’t know much about the western religion <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. East – open with western? Muslims claimed European cultures/traditions in dark ages + properous across the islamic civilization in the Middle East <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Muhammud was an ordinary man that started the Islamic Faith <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Born around 570 AD, on the Arabian Penninsula <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Locked in a constant state of tribal war <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Better ones were authentic and close to tradition more than that of Mecca <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. By 6, both of his parents had died, and being an outsider (orphan) <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. He developed a passion for those outside of Society, <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Status <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Success <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Marginal efforts <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Left and impression that gave him a better perspective on life <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. He was a child of everybody b/c he would share guardians <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Cultures believed in poets, the revered the word of the great oral language. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Poets celebrated messages older than memory, they bound victories and lamented defeats <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. The town was greatly diminishing, large tribal warfare and social poverty <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Each defended trade routes, and water, and territorial expanded lands. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Towns/tribal groups protected them with great care <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Especially those with water, because of the necessity for life and keeps from death <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Outside of Mecca, was the Ka’ba <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Religious sanctuary <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Abraham was said to have built the Ka’ba <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Said to have fallen from Earth <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. It provided peace within tribes <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. It was sacred <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Trade was encouraged in this area because of the “peace” between nations <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. It made Mecca a vibrant place for trade + culture <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Rich mixture of cultures <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Merchants from far away from places gave a new perspective between each other, traveling from everyone <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Also part of Muhammad’s life was the centrality of trades and cultures being brought to him in Mecca <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Muhammud led to Syria w/ mercantile trading goods, at age of 25 <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. He met his wife, where he learned a lot from her because she had a tremendous amount of contacts with other merchants <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Plus he was influenced by the way of family life <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Muhammud had a way with people and resolved large number of issues <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Plus Muhammud was given the title to put back in the stone in the Ka’ba and was then revered as the trusted one. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. He talked to Christian Sages, <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. He meditated around Mecca <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. And then … he had a vision BAM! <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. In a cave above Mecca, Muhammud had seen an angel in the shape of a man <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. A Religious entity comes down from the sky and endows to him this voice from the angel and there he learns the words of God <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. That is where Islam took place, being revered as a prophet as he was reciting great Godly words <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. He had one message, that there was only one God. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. One God meant one people, unity, together <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. And that’s what brought together the social system, and that everyone was to have social Justice <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. A New way of life, because everybody was equal. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. A Universal appeal, in which Islam was allowed to spread so Rapidly <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Subtleness of pre-islamic poetry, that gave people in Arabia this cultural force of verbal expression <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. People called him a poet <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. But Muhammud did not spread through desire <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. People believed he was the voice of God <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. People called themselves Muslims to preserve the message of God <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. The Qur’an was initially verbally ignited, but people believed that by copying it down allowed for the revelation of ethical and social guidance to be kept pure and intended <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Written in Arabic <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Naturalness, most powerful messages and yet comes together powerfully <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Miraculously, the Qur’an brought a new peace and image of life and the way of life <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. A spirituality, amphorous representation <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. They don’t like sculptures, because they believed that would condemn then of God <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. People developed the idea that God’s representation on Earth was God’s words, the Qur’an itself <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">8. As Islam grew, opposers wanted to attack Muhammud <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. There was no miracle for Muhammud <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. People didn’t believe in the prophet’s miracle of the Qur’an <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. People were skeptical <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Of the Afterlife <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. No one believed in them <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. He used the signs of the end of time to condemn people to promote social justice <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. It was outrage to dismantle the heritage pride to social order, to culture, and to economic order because Muhammad’s Islam faith hurt a group of people <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Tribal leaders believed that Muhammud was be taken out <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. They attacked him, because he was hurting many higher class people and tribal wars were started because of them <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Islam believers were tortured and killed, starved <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. His wife and uncle died <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. But at Yatchri, a refuge was opened to Muhammud (619) <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. His people created a new tribe, a new community <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 2in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. They were bounded by faith not trust, 622 <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">9. Medina … City of prophets <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Forged a community of believers, to create a sort of harmony <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. It offered a culture of divinity, <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. He didn’t challenge other faiths, nor does he attack many other faiths <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Praying together was a good thing, it communally invites everyone to the faith <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">10. Muhammad’s tribe was attacked by the Meccaians <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. They were right on the edge of annihilation <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. But the Muslim army held out against staggering odds, <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. People believed in Muhammud’s God, because of the many victories associated with Muhammud’s forces. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Mecca was then Muhammad’s, in 630 AD <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Instead of attacking everyone in Mecca, he embraced them giving them divine generosity that looked upon the mercy of People. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Muhammud destroyed the tribal idols in the center of the Ka’ba <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. He brought apart the tribal system <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">11. Muhammud brought together a sense of unity, a sort of connection between people; he swept into the north, south, west, east to expand on his mission. <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. He fortified the coast line of Northern Africa, to India, across the Middle East <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Within 50 years, He was governing large portions of lands with Islam faith <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Sasanian Empire and was then known as the largest empire larger than Rome <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Free from Clergy <span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. He was tolerant of older religions

<span style="font-family: Calibri; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 1in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">*There was too much to copy onto*

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Abbasid Era: Succeeded the Umayyad

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Economic <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Merchant/Landlord statuses were in the high range, this there was also urban expansion and a large trading network. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Baghdad had become center of trade in the revived commercial system. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Dhows, sailing vessels travelled and trade with commercial empires both west and east. Muslims often had contracts with the Christians and Jews. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Muslims grew rich by supplying different cities with provisions <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. They also sold luxury products to the elites <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. The profits gained were invested in purchases of land, and construction of mansions and hubs for both political and social contact. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Projects such as bathhouses, mosques, and hospitals were supported through the charitable Zakah, where the civilization itself was allowed to grow stronger w/o greed of the few <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Craftsmen started to create furniture and carpets, and glassware, jewelry, tapestries, as an emphasis to new production and technologies. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. They were also not controlled or monopolized, instead they were skilled in what they did, had their own tools allowing for tech to advance more rapidly than the monopolized crafts guilds in China. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Along with the slave riots, ther was heavy spending of money on the construction of new buildings and public works, that burdened the treasury. + with the growing empire, there needed a strong mercenary force to defend the kingdom, and much of the results turned to taxation upon the poor. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Leading to the end of the Abbasid rule <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Social <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Baghdad became a large political social ground. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Acceptance of the mawali (non-arab) people were common converts. Also the Abbasids wanted to convert outside Arabs into the faith as well. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. People from North Africa (Berbers), Persians, Central Asia (Turkic). Everyone was equal in the Islamic faith which could probably lead to why Islam spread so quick and rapidly. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. They were exempt from paying head tax, they got to advance to greater heights, such as through education and careers as admins, traders, and judges. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Slaves were not uncommon in the Abbasid reign, they served as unskilled labor force and as domestic servants, working under the caliphs and advisors. Many were allowed to gain freedom and advance to great heights. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Most slaves were non-muslims. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. The **ayans** or aristocrats emerged in the early decades, showing a deeper divide between the lower classes with the higher classes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Women were still subordinate to men, and remained within the boundaries of their homes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Caliph’s wife and concubines were restricted to certain areas. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Concubines were allowed freedom when presenting a healthy son for the ruler/buyer. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Most of the wealthy rulers desired slaves, and founded them by the 10,000’s in the urban areas. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. These were bought or captured in the non-muslim areas of Africa, and on the most part, concubines and slaves were often more beautiful and intelligent than many wealthy men’s wives. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Salves also had more personal freedom than the freeborn wives, meaning slaves > women. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. Women were allowed no career outlet besides home, especially true for the richer sects. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Political <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. With the help of the Shi’a and mawali groups, the Abbasids took over the Umayyad clan, replacing it as a political head and suppressed, the Abbasids were allowed to take control and become a centralized, absolute imperial empire. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Wazir **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">, chief administrators + head of caliph’s innever councils. In charge of building projects. A political role/bureaucrat system <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. The further a town/village was from Baghdad, the less effective were the royal orders. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. The Persians took over most of the political elite once they decided to convert. In fact most Persian elites took advantage of the Abbasid’s lack of control and exerted their own influence <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. The third caliph, al-Mahdi attempted to reconcile the moderates among the shi’a opposition. Instead he further angered the Shi’a rebels and led to even more assassination attempts at Abbasid elite officials. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Also the quite expensive taste of the caliphs served to reduce the national treasury even further. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. He had troubles passing down the throne <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. His son who succeeded him was poisoned and **Harun al-Rashid** succedded over him. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Rashid was a heavy spender, which helped produced one of the most aestithecal palaces and features of the Abbasid empire. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. He was for the most part losing his influence, at the tage of 23, he really didn’t have a working grasp for power <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Most Caliphs started to lose power, in fact most caliphs were just pawns by the inner elites. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. The death of Rashid prompted several civil wars over succession. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. 813-833, al-Mamun built a personal army to fight for his reign. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Another caliph ordered for 4000 bodyguards, and eventually raised the mercenary army to 70,000 <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. In the next 10 years, 4 caliphs were succeded, and often times the real power lay within the powerful military structures that al-Mamun left behind. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Interactions <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. In the past, the region was focused more on trading between the mediterrean, but now after extablishing such a strong tie, they aimed for China and the Eastern boundaries. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Much of the transformation of faiths was due to the **surfis’** who were spiritual leadesr tahat travelled between civilizations like missionaries to spread the faith of Islam, the language, techs, sciences, law, philosophy, art and architecture. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. 945, **Buyids** a splinter dynasty invaded the Abbasids and captured Baghdad. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. They controlled the caliphs and the courts <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. They were supplanted a century later, by the **Seljuk turks**. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. The Seljuk turks were so powerful that it just toppled the rivaling states for power, and were allowed to focus on more political initiatives and restore the caliphites. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. In fact, they toppled the Byzantine empire, which opened to settlement in the Asian lands. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Laying foundation to the Ottoman empire. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. The nomadic warrior tribes of the **chinggis kahn** raided the turko-persian kingdoms of the open region of Baghdad, and by 1258, Baghdad was taken over by the Mongols <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. They were defeated my the **Mamluks** though, Turkic slaves who ruled over egpyt. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Religious <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The Abbasids were more Sunni faith than the Shi’a <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. The Shi’a took advantage of the fall of the Abbasid empire and worked to finally destroy and succeed it. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. The Seljuk Turks were mainly Sunni faith, and worked to purge the Shi’a clan out of the area. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Christian Crusaders, determined warriors who desired to fight to obtain the holy land of Jerusalem. Between 1096-1099 much of the holy land was Christian occupied. An d for 8 crusades, the Christian armies held onto the land. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Under **Saladin** the muslims reconquered much of the lands taken by Christian warriors. Christians suffered more than the Muslims <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Religious scholar, **the uluma**, became skeptical of faith. With increasing use of Greek language, techs, books, and politics, and questioned if that appeal would undermine centuries old Islamic faith. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">g. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Al-Ghazali **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> a revered public figure, worked to combine Greek ideas with the Qur’an, and often times they would be rejected, (syncretism) since many believed that the Qur’an was the final projection of faith. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">h. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sufis **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> were wandering mystics who sought union with Allah. They were hardcore muslims who seeked perfect unity and balance with life, they were considered healers, and powerful beings. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Intellectual/Cultural <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Much of the abbasid’s educational expressions were focused in the maths and the sciences. After the dark ages of the Roman empire, the Abbasids focused on preserving and saving the ancient texts of the older civilizations. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. The texts were saved and recopied and distributed throughout the kingdom. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Much of the new intellectual life was also due on part of the trading systems, where Indian number system had been brought over through dhows and trading vessels. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. In addition to preserving documents, the Muslims also found it interesting to preserve artistical values and contributions to learning and innovation <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. After the revolts, more and more areas were being converted to Islam faith, expanding the borders of the Islamic empire. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Urban life through art were safe, and grew larger and more ornate, through architecture and tapistries and rugs. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Also after the Persian caliphs were central to authority, the started to replace Arabic with Persian in language. Although Arabic remained language of religion, law and sciences, Persian was favored by the arabs, turks and muslims of Persian descent, which amassed large favorability. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Literature took to new limits, people wrote about many subjects, from love to strife to war. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. To some, it was finding the meaning of life and path of union with the divine spirit. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. Much of the new age resulted in many Muslims to become inventors and creators. Muslim communities outstripped everyplace else and remained the strongest innovative capital of sciences. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Technology/Demographics <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The capital of the Abbasid kingdom was settled in Baghdad, Iraq, where just as the Persian kings in Ctesiphon had done, caliphs mounted themselves on thrones of expensive quality <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Dhows **<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> sailed the open seas, propelled through **lateen** sails. They were often times faster than most ships in speed, and definitely was more advantageous to the seasonal monsoon winds + help spread Islamic faith <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. They didn’t make great warships either, even though many think they would. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Damancien swords were highly prized, and intensified the need of Europeans to trade with the Muslim communities. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. <span style="display: block; height: 179.15pt; margin-left: -18.6pt; margin-top: 151.15pt; position: absolute; text-align: left; visibility: visible; width: 468.15pt; z-index: -1;"> <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">It also shows how warrior based Muslim societies were becoming.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. The Muslims corrected algebra, of geometry and trig. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. The founded fundamental discoveries to chemistry <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Classified substances in three categories, animal, plant, and mineral. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. Weight <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">h. Astronomy <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">i. They had the best hospitals in the world located in Cairo. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">j. They worked with bladders and intestines. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">k. They introduced many basic machinery and techniques for silk-weaving and ceramic firing. __

Pages 172 – 177 Opener: Africa had supple amounts of natural Gold, and valued minerals, thus attracted a market of people from around the World. But other than that, the food and culture was less defined than much of the older civilizations. Mali was an extension of the Islamic world, and it was successful much on part because of the links to the Mediterranean and the Middle East by trade. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1. Between 800-1500 CE, outside interactions took place, causing social, religious, and technological changes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">a. Islam spread to African civilizations (sub-Saharan) <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. Spread to northern third of Africa <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> ii. Linked more closely to trade, religion, and politics. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> iii. Islam was a medium in which connected Africa with the outside world <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">b. West Africa experienced cultural influences and artistic achievements <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">c. Mali and Songhay depended on military might, and alliances. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">d. Africa developed mostly on part of city-states, and through linking trade routes. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">e. Northern Africa and east African coast were more Islam than most other parts, reflecting thoughts, and institutions. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">f. Sub Saharan Africa still remained varied and were growing more diverse in size and location, but still they were isolated from much of the World.
 * African Civilizations and the Spread of Islam!**

Africa is so vast, and societies were diverse that categorization was estringed. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1. There were differences in georgraphy, language, religion, politics, and social conditions //Stateless Societies:// <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">1. These societies were usually lacking in political power and authority, but they were also big and more extensive. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">a. Instead of having their own government, these societies based political power on a council of families or just by the people <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. There was no need for taxes, but there was also no ruler, no army, no court, or system of upheld justice. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> ii. Government only affected a small portion of people’s lives <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">b. Secret organizations of men and women controlled customs and beliefs, and limited a ruler’s responsibility and authorirty. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. They crossed out fueds between lineages, and served as an alternative to official governmentation.
 * African Societies: Diversity and Similarities!**
 * Stateless societies** were those civilizations who didn’t have an official hierarchy of officials in which to exercise control.

<span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">2. Linguistics: Bantu-Speaking peoples were spreading language across several city states, allowing for neighbors to speak with mutual understanding of each other. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">3. Animism: Religion through the belief in natural spirits and divine beings, and cultural activities and rituals through dancing, drumming, sacrifice, and divination. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">a. They also believed in evil, and witchcraft, leading to priest/shamans who guided religion and proctected the community. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">b. They also provided a guide of customs of ethics and behaviors. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">c. They believed in a one divine creator <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">4. Specialization in economic jobs encouraged local and regional trade for market places. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">a. Merchants were usually grouped through kinship <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">b. International trade increased <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">5. African Populations: by 1500, Africa may have had 30-60 million people <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">6. Before Islam arrived, northern Africa was ruled by Christianity, and by the Mediterranean civilizations in which they inhabited. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">a. They were also linked to the below Saharan Africa and that linked the two together <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">b. When the Berber people of Africa and Muhammad swept north Africa through warfare, much of the civilizations turned towards Islam. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. From 711-732 Africa was being transitioned into a religious state through Islam faith <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">c. In opposition to the Islam faith, a puritanical reformist movement called the almoravids grew to western and sahara. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. In 1130, another group the almohadis did the same launching jihads to purify faith in Africa <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">d. Islam attracted Africans to the idea through <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. Believing that all Muslims were equal <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> ii. Ruler = Religon + political power <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> iii. Every coumminity of belief were equal to arabs in other societies. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">7. Christian Kingdoms still survived in the Islamic era, in Nubia and in Ethiopia and in Egypt <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">a. The ethipian kingdom grew from Axum, to be the most important African Christian outpost. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> i. The Christian kingdom turned inwards, occupying towns and scopes of forditution <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;"> ii. A new dynasty appeared in which helped transition/change the non-christians through a process of warfare. <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif;">b. Struggle occurred from Christians, Muslims, and from the mawali people of Somalia, the Red Sea and outer regions of the Ottoman Turks, and at Massawa in 1542. This increased Christian popularity, overturning the Islamic rise in the regions of close to Saharan Africa.
 * Common Elements in African Societies!**
 * The Arrival of Islam**
 * The Christian Kingdoms: Nubia and Ethiopia**