Africa+Present+Day


 * Notes **p666-669** (Beginnings of the liberation struggle in Africa), **p723 - p.727** (Liberation of Nonsettler Africa, The Struggle for the Settler Colonies, and White South Africa) **p. 804 - p.806** (The Apartheid State and its Demise)


 * 1) Beginnings of Liberation Struggles in Africa
 * 2) Most precolonial african civilizations were more free intermsm of gender equality, racial attitudes, and culture that in the west was at the time.
 * 3) Nationalist leaders such as Marcus Garvey and WED Du Bois emerged and began organizing the African elite through charmisma in effort to lift African loyalities and create a pan-Africa organization.
 * 4) Most of Africa was under European colonial control after World War I, and the African were loyal only to the British and French
 * 5) and because of the food shortages and forced conscription, and that Europeans were the only elite class, nationalist African leaders sought to change that.
 * 6) These nationalists started the negritude literary movement to combat illeteracy and racism, with assistances from Leopold Sedar Senghor
 * 7) And nationalists leaders created their own league classed the NAtional Congress of British West Africa: especially since Western control African elites had more power to do so.
 * 8) Liberation of Nonsettler Africa
 * 9) Thousand of Nonsettler Africans from the Northwest and South East were brought into conflict with European Opression using their own weapons against themselves.
 * 10) Plus these african head were "given" racial freedom after conscription which was never true.
 * 11) industrial development stunted african growth by taking creating more social barriers by pushing Africans into towns to work and loser their working conditions in the past farms were stripped.
 * 12) Nwame Nkrumah and the Cold Cosat were first to nationalize and respond to impending british control
 * 13) by 1950 the Africans started winning concessions by the british, such as more representation in government and freedom to elect whomever for head, and freedom of most west African colonies
 * 14) Guerilla Warfare
 * 15) because colonial officials would not give Africans power without taking away their lands, stripping of their political right to vote, and because nonviolent acts were going nowhere, they started to resort to violent methods of attack
 * 16) Kenya: 1950, Jomo Kenyatta and KAU along with the formed land freedom group organized attacks against british oppression: This gained many concession in that the European overlords were in no mood to fight
 * 17) Plus the National Front Lines were revolting and rioting to rid themselves of the British control, taking away many lives and military concessions.
 * 18) And by putting an end to the Fourth Republic, the Secret Army organization with support of French mlitary toppled governmental control and took back power over the Algerian civil conquest.
 * 19) The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Afirca
 * 20) From 1975 to 1980 most of south africa was dominated by local African populations, but soon started to see an increase in settlers therefore causing greater distress and racial implications, and also racism to the Afrikaner-Dutch was prominent
 * 21) And though crude and racist, the Afrikaner racism was grounded and vulgar.
 * 22) then a rigid system of segregation was placed called the apartheid was establish in 1948 and held clear legal definitions of racial features
 * 23) Plus with the growing strength of the Afrikaner National Party from 1930-1940,, most white men were showing clear racial implications to African Ability, leading to creating a misconfigured society along with desires for the wrong reason and spurred African riots and revolts
 * 24) South Africa: The Aparhied State and its Demise
 * 25) By 970, SA was the most populous and richest area to take over.
 * 26) Dutch Akrikaners held effective control of the region and supressed black rights through the apartheid, because they wanted to keep power and economic dominance
 * 27) Also along with the apartheid, homelands were created for Africans and sererated families and men based on tribal languages and used them for cheap labor as well as freed up space.
 * 28) black protest through the AFrican national congress and many leaders such as Walter Sisullu and Nelson MAndela and Steve Biko were destroyed.
 * 29) Led by FW de Klerk, some afrikaners pushed for reform and the release and destruction of the apartheid system, and by 1994 the power brought the African National Congress back into power and taksed reforms and institutions back for the African state

Summary of the Middle East Nationalism in the Middle wasn’t confusing, it was merely backwards. They thought they would gain independence, freedom of political corruption, modernization, but in the end they did not. Political leaders who promised that very reason became the very dissatisfaction in the end. In addition the nationalism between all these nations in the middle east were not connected to each other. For example, Palistinian’s violent resolves and terrorist organization as well as anti-sematic beliefs fueled rage against the Isreali people. Unfortunately the Middle eastern countries’ ties to Islam did not appreciate Jewish members to infiltrate their sanctum. Plus their leaders were mostly corrupt in the first place. They all promised their people to end political corruption, end poverty etc and initated several reforms, but in the end their government policy was becoming too corrupt. Although they hated the control of Western powers, they sort of needed them to help whenever possible, because they did not possibly have enough military strength to defend themselves in a civil war. Plus some countries like Iran formally contracted to reject westernized opinions and ideas, throwing away fundamental strengths to breakdown political corruption and dissatisfaction. This sort of backwards way of destroying resources that could have provided them with a more modernized experience was thrown away. And radical leaders like Khomeini and Nasser were starting to become what they said they wouldn’t be, dictators.