Classical+Rome

 

**Assignment 1.1 ** //APPARTS on Thucydides// **Author/s: ** //Who created this? Know? Bias? // **Place: ** //Where? When? // **Prior Knowledge: ** //Know? Learned? Revelent? // **Audience: ** I//ntended? Support. How received? Delivery?// → mourners + citizens/women/children of warriors fighting in war **Reason: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Purpose? Support. // To respect the dead + persuade the parents of their dead sons and survivor that the war was justified, and that to be able to protect the freedoms and versitility of Athens is truly the most important, because the life that they lived is the one that is unlike any other. Athen is the place to “provide plenty of means for the mind to refresh itself from business” and the “city draws the produce of the world into our harbor” and they “never pass laws to exclude foreigners” → displays resolve of it's army to counter the beliefs of others to emphasize the nature of the being an Athenian, to protect the values. -JH
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Pericles, politician(strong) changed democracy to more fair + open; city prospered + poor citz. Had voice. Prideful of city.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Because he is a politician = bias → he's prideful of his city + gains citz's favor through appealing to loss
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-Athens
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-431-430BCE after Peloponnessian War.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Peloponnesian War between Athens and Spart/a
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Athens = Greece = democratic society/governmental society
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">middle of trade, sea ports off the medi sea = rich
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sparta = warring nation, age 6 start to learn to fight
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Athens = knowledge, reverence of skill and intellect
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo2; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Rich + gothic architure = prosperous country
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“ now that you have brought to a close your lamentations for your relatives, you may depart.”
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Parents of dead” → they are mourning for their son who died, but Pericles is trying to make the recievment as justified + honored b/c they fought defending such a great nation of flexibility + they were only doing it to protect the lives of their loved ones,
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo3; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">More towards everyone and the common understanding of an awesome athens. -JH
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> ﻿ He wanted to support those “who [are] graced by so happy a versitility as the Athenian” in order to get people to __want__ to join the army and fight for Athens.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo4; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: yellow; color: #ff0000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died and well may every one of their suvivors be ready to suffer I her cause”

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Main Idea: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Support. // **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Significance: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Relation to big pic? //
 * <span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in; tabstops: list .5in;">Athens is a place of a large variety of features that emphasize the best of a person, because and the death and war was only a battle to protect the great empire who everyone was content with from falling. Athens s the place of trade, of business, of freedom, and democracy, or suporting the poor, therefore in the end, the death of the warriors who fought were not wasted, in fact they were the ones who protected the nation from losing all it's cultural values and important in the world, and therefore the war was justified.
 * <span style="background-color: #ffe800; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in; tabstops: list .5in;">Sacrifice with a reason, justified to die in war,
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">They found like that like like the nation is like great and how like yes they fought for blah blah blah
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“ I doubt if the world can produce a man who is equal to so many emergencies where he has only himself to depend upon, and who is graced by so happy a versatility as the Athenian”
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: white; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“ Such is the Athens for which these men, in the assertion of their resolve not to lose her, nobly fought and died; and well may every one of their survivors be ready to suffer in her cause. “
 * <span style="background: white; display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo5; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">“As for prestige, advancement in public life goes to men with reputations for ability: class considerations are not allowed to interfere with merit, nor again does poverty bar the way.”
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">The most important details are included in the introduction, where Pericles points out the many features of Athenian life, of democracy, of trade, of sea ports, of entertainment, or social mobility, of acceptance. Athens one of the most prosperous nations out there, and through examining the many “democratic” views, one can see that Athen, Greece is truly a place of great prosperity (at this point).
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo6; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Democracy suvives to AMERICA today. -=> Athens provided a basis for imporvement and a foundation for culture and civlizatio

<span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Assignment 1.2 **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;"> //APPARTS on Sparta// <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">**Author/s**:  //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Who created this? Know? Bias? // **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Place: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Where? When? // //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Know? Learned? Revelent? // **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Audience: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Intended? Support. How received? Delivery? //
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo7; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lycurgus → very demanding in terms of loyality + creator os gov't system in sparta for entire equality A utopian society
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">-sparta
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">- first bce
 * Prior Knowledge:**
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sparta militeristic = trained @ 6 → rest of their lives
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo8; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="color: red; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Fought Athens in Peloponessian Wars
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: yellow; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Those who knew his plan and who could read and writer and be an elite counsil + formed his own group b/c obviously its not the normal citizens themselves b/c that would just mean he couldn't establish such a era of control.
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo9; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background: #ffffff; backgroundattachment: scroll; backgroundimage: none; backgroundposition: 0% 0%; backgroundpositionx: 0%; backgroundpositiony: 0%; backgroundrepeat: repeat; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0.5in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in; tabstops: list .5in;">I would guess the audience would take it very harshly, since they would then not be allowed to focus on their own pursuit of happiness and undertaking, but the fact that this change did occur had made it so the people seemed to think it was a good idea.
 * <span style="background: #ffffff; backgroundattachment: scroll; backgroundimage: none; backgroundposition: 0% 0%; backgroundpositionx: 0%; backgroundpositiony: 0%; backgroundrepeat: repeat; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0.5in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in; tabstops: list .5in;">“he undertook to divide up their movable property also, in order that every vestige of unevenness and inequality might be removed”, “In the next place, he banished the unnecessary and superfluous arts. And even without such banishment most of them would have departed with the old coinage, since there was no sale for their products. For the iron money could not be carried into the rest of Greece, nor had it any value there, but was rather held in ridicule.” → traders were willing/forced + "
 * <span style="background: #ffffff; backgroundattachment: scroll; backgroundimage: none; backgroundposition: 0% 0%; backgroundpositionx: 0%; backgroundpositiony: 0%; backgroundrepeat: repeat; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0.5in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in;">Lycurgus made, the first and most important was his institution of a senate, or Council of Elder


 * <span style="color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0.5in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in;">,” = he the powerful ruled the weak.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Reason: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Purpose? Support. // **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Main Idea: ** <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">//Support.//
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo10; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">To get rid of inequality, supporting same economic v status, under a very demanding an militaristic account .He wanted for people to come under unity, so there would be no in fighting where Sparta would be at its weakest. People were su pposed to follow this + tyrannical control of people s way of life, without any special permissions of specialization in areas of work
 * “he withdrew all gold and silver money from currency, and ordained the use of iron money only. “
 * “regulating marriages and births.... “
 * “Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another's sports and studies.... “
 * “considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves. “
 * Dislike tyranny but put in democracy williningly
 * <span style="background: #ffffff; backgroundattachment: scroll; backgroundimage: none; backgroundposition: 0% 0%; backgroundpositionx: 0%; backgroundpositiony: 0%; backgroundrepeat: repeat; color: #000000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in; tabstops: list .5in;">Lycurgus did not support the flexibility of Athens, because for one it might not achieve in a while, for the wises believed they should rule, but that would create an unfair represenations, because Lycurgus wanted for Sparta to become powerful and not properous in the way Athens did. He enforced unity and conformity. + They didn't want people to decentralize the gov't because they are in favor of another, a utopian society per say.
 * <span style="background: #ffffff; backgroundattachment: scroll; backgroundimage: none; backgroundposition: 0% 0%; backgroundpositionx: 0%; backgroundpositiony: 0%; backgroundrepeat: repeat; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-size: 12pt; lineheight: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in; tabstops: list .5in;">considering that they belonged entirely to their country and not to themselves.
 * <span style="background: yellow; display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 0.5in; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Lycurgus ordered them all to be taken by the state and enrolled in companies, where they were put under the same discipline and nurture, and so became accustomed to share one another's sports and studies..


 * <span style="background: yellow; display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo11; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">all the rest of their training was calculated to make them obey commands well, endure hardships, and conquer in battle.

**<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Significance: ** //<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Relation to big pic? //
 * <span style="display: block; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo12; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list .5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; font-size: 12pt;">Sparta is completely different from Greece in the idea of the way values and traditions worked, because in Greece, not only did they allow foreign villagers to visit and trade. Sparta is trying to uniform itself as a utopian country and a more wonderful city of the prominent, rather than rule of majority. Two distinct governments in two very close places allow for comparison in what civilization is able to last the longest, or become more “sucessful” in terms of power and overall morale of the unit.

<span style="display: block; font-size: 140%; margin: 0in 0in 10pt; marginbottom: 10pt; marginleft: 0in; marginright: 0in; margintop: 0in;">Assignment 1.3 Comparison between Athens and Sparta


 * Difference in location = trade + cultural values are different,
 * Difference in form of government = different way to treat those who fight in military + interactions; Athens -> does favors first and ask for favors in return + council had power, but represented under democracy people's ideas were represented
 * Sparta => "ogligarchy" rule by seniors and a council of elders. The rule meant more room for tyranny,
 * Militaristically both were powerful and both had a strong army that supported the government through technological advancements and classical interaction/allies + population growth due to being put into the centrre of trade and power.
 * Rome || Sparta ||
 * ** Had a Democracy > a lot more freedom to enjoy + they had 50 people represent a section of Rome in law and votes.
 * Location of Mountain ranges made it hard to unite Greece + needed more to trade b/c can't become a agricultural nation
 * Also the Mountains gave the Greeks a lot of space to harvest vines for wines || ** Oglichchy -> only a select group of elders (5)that were only choosen by men over 30 ||
 * ** Culturally they do favors for other nations first, rather than returning them thus had a lot more allies than Sparta. || ** A Warring Nation, boys just age 7 must head for baracks and train until death. ||
 * ** Greece was more of a commercial nation that enjoyed properous trade with surrounding nations || ** More an agricultural/slave nation,not much focus on other aspects of life, except to "fight, kill and die" ||
 * >>> Women became nothing at all, had to stay in homes, no education or work. || ** Women were allowed to live a healthy life, because the healthier the women the healthier the son, so the female enjoyed more liberties so to say ||
 * ** Location of Greece was inward towards the Medi, allowing it more acess to goods and products from all around the Medi sea and Africa, and India || ** Focused on always conquering and warring, because that's what they turned out to be as a group of people ||
 * ** Worshipped Greek Gods || ** Worshipped Greek Gods ||

[] [] **Main idea + summary/comparison -> overview on essay -> Thesis statement of similiarities and dissimliarity** Sparta and Rome were prominent nations that arched their power all over the penninsula and into Eurasia, developing from the same religious practices and from similar ideas of heroism and power, the divergence here is that Sparta believed in absoulte warfare, and Rome believed in prosperity over a broad range. **Summarize your research** Sparta and Rome had differed in terms of Government, Interactions, Cultural Values and Social, but Simliar in Religion. For Government, Rome doned a shining democracy that restricted power of on tyrannical governing body, allowing for over 500 representatives to meet and vote on laws. Sparta had a absolute ogligarchy where only the elders decided the right of way, putting power into a small groups hands that may or may not even have an idea of the current life. Rome had always interacted with everyone due to trade, due to spread of power, and even more trade. Sparta interacted only to buy metals and war, other than that they were a simple agricultural nation with nothing else to worry about. Culturally both Sparta nad Athens worshipped being a hero, and idolized it, it's just Rome had a rather diverse community with other aspirations while Sparta remained minute and one-sided. Also Women were treated differently, the women in Athens had no power, while the women in Sparta were allowed to live an actual healthy life because they believed that for women to give birth to good sons, they to needed to be healthy. And similiarily, both nations had worshipped the same Greek gods to bless them in battle and to give them powers.


 * Assignment 1.4 ESPIRIT**

E
 * Slaves were usedi n a varity of main economic activity, such as ining, or farming or even house-hold jobs. Since the poor had no where to go, all they could go, they were the lowest of class and usually end up working for the government for nothing at all, unles they are eventually set free.
 * Farmers were not in an agricultural zone, since the lands were mountainous and soil rarely gets fertiles on the downhilled slopes, thus making it hard for wheats and rice to be a common place item everywhere. In fact most farmers resorted to farming for vines and oils because that's where they are able to plant.
 * Vines and oil were prosperous alright, none the less, it just takes time and money to make. Time and money that landlords will take advantage of, because it takes 5 years for olive trees to grow and couple more years for wine to ferment.
 * Because the land wasn't so fertile, and farmers had a tough time, marketing wasn't such a bad idea to most aristocrats and those who could afford to do so, thus leading to a estblished market for food and commodities.
 * Also landlords made it so the debt from farmers = oils + other commodities that he could sell to a wider range of commericial invenstment and capital that sprouted up from Medi sea trade.
 * Rome pushed south to get more grain fields for capital investment, b/c there wasn't enough space in the tiny penn. To harvest + grow

S
 * The aristocrats took advantage of the farmers though, because they were always in constant debt, hey carried heavy burden, and they were one of the lowest social classes.
 * Father is always in command of a tight faimly structure, + women had oppurtunities in farming and artisanship + women had control over the household b/c they nuture boys to men and provide a diving figure to model after. But outside of the house women were powerless.
 * Slaves were the least of the least, often not even a citizen, but they worked in mines, usually never coming out alive, they worked as house-slaves, and they worked
 * Merchants were second highest in class, because trade was so popular in Rome thus making the job seem truly economic and high = more power to merchants
 * Societal life never really focused on making a bunch of ideals too focused on the capitalist economy.

P Intellectual
 * A direct democracy had occurred where assemblies established themselvs to come to rule evry now and then in order to establish laws and power. Assemblies met every 10 days _ only male citizens → only a minorty showed up
 * → less tidy political government system in the 800BCe -600 BCE range because of mountainous terrain that interfered with travel and relaying of govenrmental messages, so City-States sprung forth
 * →Used to be a monarchy, but that only led to political downfall so a group of elders established the Roman Republic to stand against itself and then created a democracy
 * Romans had conquered over Greeks, thus leading to a stronger army = more protection = emphasis in army + technological adv. In weaponry => protection + aspirations in trade, culture, + values.
 * There was weak political rule ever since 180 CE after Marcus Aurelies had be in charge of the nation, which lead to countless warrior citizens who also fought for control, never having one be in power of a large period of time. There wasn't enough army, or leadership, and finally Rome split in half.
 * Localism → destablishment of monarchy = more freedom to common ppl. Everyone believed to live a “good life” they needed to put themselves into a political establishment, especially the aristocrats who believed and can accomplish a good life.
 * Senate = Greece where rather than direct democracy, people met up to elect representatives to choose laws and to work with others in estbliashing the best course of action. → mostly aristocratic
 * → Idea of Heroism defined a militarily uncontrollable dominion
 * → political influence with eastern half of Mediterranean
 * → Culturally Rome took a larger interest in Poetry/readings/drama more than anything else + plays/drama were devoted to the gods themselves
 * → they believed in tragedy, a strong emotional emphasis that dictated and balanced a larger understanding of human reason and the sense that the human emotions were to be controlled, or overwhelmed, tapped into
 * → Illiad + Odyssey = two great epics by Homer
 * → Pottery + painting/visual arts
 * → Architecture w/ new technology emphasized toppling structures + clsasical adoptions

R
 * → Alexander the Great had conquered a large majority of the Mediterranean regions to the Persian Empire, Egypt, and to India, but control over such a vast empire was nearly impossible, thus the vague creation of Christianity (also endorsed by Constantine(313)) attempted to unite the people of the empire through a new system of religious loyalty along with government control and etc.
 * → Publicly held ceremonies and services to the gods and goddesses in Roman culture/religion were common, because Rome, who had a large empire, wanted to unite it's people through religion and maintain loyalty. It could be termed a “politically inspired ceremony”
 * → Christianity was attacked by the Romans because for one the Christians did not put the state first, when asked to. Although usually the Romans were tolerant of new and diverse religions, as long as those religion brought together loyalty, then it was allowed.
 * → Emperors even tried to gain more popularity by declaring themselves directly related to a god, gaining fame and aspiration to the people, a democracy, and diverted civil warfare.
 * → There was no sense of a “Major” religion, rather the Greco-roman religion had only adopted a sense of gods in nature and was very primitive compared to India and China. Also Christianity had only gained power near the end of the Roman Empire
 * → Because there was really no power really in religion, the people of Rome had to resort to speaking through other ways, such as Aristotle and Cicero who spent their time who philosophied the importance of moderation, balance, and justice. And the lack of religion importance did not sponser a sense of religious identification that often times reflected itself in India/China. + Religion sometimes was imported from Middle-east causing a large diverse state.
 * There was some belief in an After-life, and that was important to the hard working class, because they all strived to work hard so they can live peacefully in the afterlife. → affected work ethics

I
 * Interactions between the Entire Intalian Penn. Was not unestbliashed, afterall there had occurred the Persian War, the conquest of Alex the Great, the Peloponnessian war, and the carthage wars.
 * Olympic games brought together a large community of people in which everyone was fighting for glory and fame, brought together city-states over a large area of the penninsula for celebration
 * Alexanders conquest brought forth greek art and culture w/ Middle East
 * There was constant invasions that led to sackings and control taking powers that left the nation in ruins + acquired a new culture

T
 * Because there was an abundance of slavery, Romans never thought it neccesary to develop stronger technologies in commercial farming
 * Techniques and technology was discouraged by Roman philosophers because they believed the work was vulgar and ignoble, thus leading to no major development in tech to help/benifit the growing nation + led to primitive society compared to China and India
 * Pottery became an important tool to use in order to convey stories and messages of the history of Rome/Greece

**Assignment 1.5 Key Terms** **Olympic Games:** Developed from varying city-states from across the penninsula, due to a leading interactions between a large group of seperate nations who all had common interests. The annual Olympic games epmhasized the clutural value of Heroism and Athleticism in the Pre-Roman period that would come to serve the Nation once more in the future + it allowed for a larger body of nations to gather and unite closely, such as the Spartans and Greeks during the Persian War. **Peloponneian Wars:** Fought between Sparta and Greece (431-404 BCE) that destroyed the two nation's connections that were once so strong. They both vied for control of land. Both lostto the Macedonians in the north, which then allowed for Alexander the Great to come forth into the battle. The PP war emphasized the values of fighting to the citizen and would often influecen governmental structure to support it such as maybe a stronger draft army **Direct Democracy:** As opposed to monarchy, a direct democracy estbliashed an assembly in which its citizens, usually the majority were able to go to to vote and participate in active citizenship. But still direct democracy still had aristocracy down in its roots, since still aristocrats were the most fit to rule. **City-States:** Because at the beginning of the Roman/Greek civilization, most regions were seperated due to geographic locationing and thus City-States developed. In the end though, while the city-states were usually independent of each other they came together to form Rome/Greece. And it shows that never really were the Romans of Greeks ever close to unification leading to a possible history of incidents **Senate:** Roman body of governement, althuogh composed of mainly aristocrats, the senate was represented by elected officials from different regions to become a part of government and politics. They were also ruled by two consuls, in which were generally leaders of the group, deciding powers and jobs, and roles. The truth still holds though, that the governement was held in the hands of the wealthy. **Socrates, Aristotle, Plato** : three of the finest philosophers that emphasized in cultural beliefs and values that spread across the penninsula. They expressed importance of moderation and balance, of discipline and strength, and of family structures. They were the thinkers of Rome, and spread the influence of a clutural value of thinking and philosphy.

**Assignment 1.6 Notes on Documentary** Greece + Sparta 500 bce – ordinary ppl revolted against trynanic ruler in Athens Clicines -> people desreve freedom therefore created a demo? Alcamiaededs -> dynasty -> faimly of clicines = power/.greed/elite Culture = third world + no sewr = brutish = not really advanced + tough, needed more freedom + w/ opopression = unbearable? ->geography = no physical unity in a civlization (imperial) -> persians -> interactions looked to back up their city/states/region/ tried to kept constant rule Corinth -> leader of trade Argosh -> strength of population Sparta->militarily powerful (ruled with iron fist+hellots + decalred as a warrior community + very evil in killing Sparta might be to one to make a empire, strong + strong xD Culture = very primitive = had a lot of time + culture again was not as sophisticated + never really had a prominent life. So the weak were really already victims of life itself Heros = cultures’ main idols + political warhead 600 bce = tyranincal rule + P. allowed for democracy to developed b/c of allies + long lasting transformed his city by undermining social hierarchy + ppl actually liked him for his power and ability to rule + transformed trade + prosperity (olive oil) Hiipiass = tyrant – stripped away. Clycines = attacked tyranny and to gain trhone Social class = more rqual + olympic games = displayed heroic attempt b/c they battled with strength in nature than strength in wealth -> skillls + ability where anyone can win Only rule = get what you can + fight + show you can win = displays a ancient desire for fighting and heroism that fought to believe that power was their right Isagaress -> ally, greece sent troops to isagaress who wanted to fight and revolt => subject state to sparta -> won = exodus despotic dictato Return power back to clycines? Design a revolutionary governmental situation to a revolutionary situation -> instituted a simple vote between the indiviudual = instituted rule of the people = democracy Persian empire = greatest empire of the day spread fro mteh middle east to med. And bc athens was such a great nation, persian wanted to invade greece w/ 30,000 men. Clycinese was to face a great test Explain 3 key factors to the development of Athens. 2,500 years ago, Greece was but a region geared towards the Mediterrean Sea, a civilization that laid within the boundaries of it’s moutnainous regions, and surrounding sea. It didn’t seem as though Greece would be able to develop though, when all the city-states were essentially seperated from each other, geographically and politically, and constant civil warfare subjected central government rule. However, due to the impact on Heroism, Trade and Geography, and the primitive life style of lower social class, Athens was transformed in the end, developing. Heorism in Athens created a nature of battle, of individualism, and power that impacted the constant civil warfare, making a very diverse state Cleisthenes had wanted to keep aristocratic power, but under the revolutionary civil warfare, Cleisthenes needed a revolutionary government, thus creating democracy in order to keep the power. Trade and geography of Athens Read up on Rome(spirit) religion

**Assignment 1.7 Summary** <span style="font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">Harris Zhao Mr. Green AP World History 5 October, 2010 <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-weight: normal; text-align: center;">Summary of Roman/Greek Civilization <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> I n comparison to Classical China, Rome was primitive in sets of central government, in Intellectual curiosity and in Technology, but that's also why Rome is Rome, alongside with a distinguishable Social structure, a more “free” social system, and a cultural sense of Heroism. For China, the best was to rule was through Confucianism, where law was maintained through a strong central government, under one monarch who himself is not above the State. To Rome's direct democracy and the roman senate, their way of rule was tight and fit. There was no way Rome could possibly duplicate the elaborate structure of China's tight bureaucracy where 13,000 officials from all over the nation unite to establish law. After all Rome was still an extremely small state compared to China, only needing 500 of so representatives. Also China didn't adopt the usage of slaves, thus meaning they had to find several other ways to encourage trade, or agricultural prosperity. Rome on the other hand, had an abundance of slaves, and therefore never actually needed to develop new ways to benefit and improve the life style of it's citizens. In convergence though was both nation's tendency to fight for power. Except Rome and most of it's neighbors emphasized a strong distinction in heroism and power to an ordinary citizen. They believed in a cultural value of showing dominance and power in it's natural form, which led more or less to warlike conditions that could set off. They advanced greatly in military due to the constant fighting, and were generally much more powerful in terms of military strength than China. There was also the fact that in Rome, there was a “freer” social class system, where women were put to be the lowest of lows, and they actually had a say in family affairs. <span style="display: block; font-family: Tahoma,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-align: left;">When compared to India now, Rome lacked on the front for religion, culture, but what kept them both similar was the trade, economic, and governmental factors. India had Hinduism, and Budhism; they believed in the afterlife, in gods, in nature; they had one central religion. Rome though had it's greek gods, Christianity, some Phonecian gods, Corinth Gods, gods of Africa, or the Middle East. They had everything, maybe because of their slave population, but either way they never developed a central religion where cultural access and spiritual freedom could be obtained. And Culturally, India had the access of religion as a source of worship and a source of architerture. They had books, poems, stories about the gods. They have rituals in which to perform, dieties in which to worship, and gods in which to sacrifice. Rome on the other hand seemed very isolated without any representation for one central religious divinity. Also what remained the same was the governmental structure with importance of city-states and common localism. Rome just wasn't going to establish the exact same culture as others, and neither will others to it.

**<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Assignment 1.8 Google Doc's Comparisons btw China and Rome **<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Comparative Outline between Han China and Rome

Political: Rome had a Roman republic for political structure, while the Han dynasty of China used a monarchy (set of emperors) to govern their land, bureaucracy. In roman republic, there was a legislation, the senate, and primary executive officers. People could go to assemblies to vote for a magistrate. In bureaucracy, ruler used a general law for the overall land. A ruler assign a governor who ruled and controlled a part of land. In the division of land, local officers controlled and created order in the land.

Social/interactions: Land Size/Population - more room in China for population and less in Rome Because of the size, it was harder to control the Chinese empire right? But then Rome was all split up by mountains. The geographic location of China was also isolated from the rest of Eurasia. Both patriarchal society

Religion: Confucianism in China, while Greek God’s + start of Christianity in Roman Empire. Greco-Rome believes, they in the complex set gods and goddess who regulated human life, pantheon+ Rome had a diverse religious structure + no other influence on culture and interactions.

Laws: More Tax, during fall of Han China

-Fall of Rome: They were constantly attacked/sacked by barbarians and control of army and it’s people were nonsuccessive. “As a result they prospered and their population greatly increased requiring ever increasing sums of Roman gold to placate them. Eventually the sums of money need to buy off the barbarians became so great that it drained the Roman treasury of money needed to maintain the Roman army and hold the empire together.”

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: italic; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">“Armies were harder to keep due to population decrease, since birth rate was very low at the time. The Roman army is made up of soldier-farmers who must spend years away from their farms defending Rome. When they return, their farms are in ruins and have to be sold to rich men who use slave labour to do the farming. The soldiers are forced to move to cities. “

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Economics: Both Rome and Han China depended on trade, even though different materials were being traded. Han China used the silk road as a way of trading with other nations. Some of the items that Han China traded fine items like silk and spice. Romans traded items like grapes and olives with other parts of the known area. The benefits of slavery, were visible in Rome, who used slaves to better benefit their economy, where in Han China, slavery was not as popular or common.

Technology: Han China invented things like the seismograph which allowed the Chinese to read earthquake activities. During the dynasty of Han China paper was invented and was used in many different ways. The production and process of harvesting and plowing crops increased due to the inventions of collars that allowed the Chinese to use animals that did the job more efficiently. Rome invented such materials as aqueducts which is plumbing, magnifying glass and the siege machine.

Intellectual: Roman, arches were built to enable people to transport heavy amounts of items, while in Han China the wheel barrel was used to help transport items.. Art was being used to portray the human beauty in Rome, with sculptures, while in Han China art was defined by paintings. During the Han dynasty they were studying about hygiene and how better hygiene could improve peoples life span People believed that parents had the rights to discipline their children even if it meant to severely injure or kill them and they would not be punished for it.

Interaction: Roman was in constant warfare, while China was much more isolated. The fall of Rome was easily because of the barbarians and the goths who constantly fight for power of Rome. They had external wars, with the Punic War between the Carthage. But Besides that, Interactions often within their own territory, Rome had interactions, enemies and friends within the Mediterranean Sea. The Chinese were not attacked by many, except by the Monguls and Huns. Han China was separated into two dynasty

<span style="background-color: #ffff00; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Make Direct Comparisons!

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff0000; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">E-> China had Silk Road, which connected to India, but from there were also goods from the Middle-East and Medi Sea. Were not a lot of interactions between other significant nations Rome was closer to the Medi Sea, and there was a prosperous connection of trade routes, thus meaning there was more value to Rome?”All roads lead to rome?” Rome was more economically prosperous than China, because it was located near the Medi Sea and had India to it’s east, while China occupied the Isolated Eastern dominion where it’s significant trade partner was only India

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff9900; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">S-> China had a strictly Patriarchal structure, based more on following structure of examples from the family house. But other than that, the social classes were similar. Emporer > Merchants > Farmers > Peasents. Aristocrats/Bueruecrats were rich wealthy. Farmers were poor. Also Rome was more lenient with women-men relationship. Women in Rome = allowed to be in control of household, while everyone in household follows the man in China.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00ff00; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">P-> Rome had a Roman Republic, a Senate, a Magistrate. China had a Bureucracy, a Central Authority, an Emporer. Same sort of structure, but the way the Magistrate is elected, is by the people usually in assemblies. The Emporer was assigned due to birth rights. Senators Choose laws and passed them. The Chinese Bureau had more a Authoratative/Judicial rule, rather than a legislative rule.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #00ffff; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I-> China dealt with barbarians from the north, trade with India on the silk Road, and had an inconsistent governmental rule from time to time. Rome to dealt with barbarians, as well as strong nation’s who aimed for power, and the had trade with the Medi Sea, and also there was also a time of inconsistent rule, with many nations aiming to take over the strong Roman Empire

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #0000ff; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">R-> Confucianism in China; Greco-Roman Gods + many other religions. Confucianism influenced structure of patriarchal society as long as a structured and moral evaluation. Rome had more than one religion going on, as long as they remained loyal to the State then they are okay. The varied groups created tension and disunification.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #9900ff; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">I-> Similiar; Greece had philosophy, story telling, language, astronomy, math; China had astronomy, art, medicine, blah blah blah? Anything else to add here?

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #ff00ff; display: block; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">T-> Anything to add here?