Spanish+Colonies+in+America

1. Economic a. Latin America was immediately drawn in to horde its silver, gold, crops, and other goods. b. Thus because of the political association, the **Encomiendas** were created which used Indian labor to provide the economic dependence. c. With the development of trading posts in Africa, the ability to start an trans-Atlantic trade with slaves emerged, and a extensively agrictultural system based on sugar was created. d. The encomienda system holds the fact that the **encomendero** the holder of the slaves would be able to use people as workers and or tax them. e. Searching for gold and treasures was a common theme amongst adventurers who went to explore America. f. Conquerors was an occupation led by Spanish captains. It is said that 1/5th the entire treasure was to be given to the king, and that men were on a share basis. And the more a person contributes w/ many themes the more gold they were allowed to have. g. Though with the decrease in Indian population, came the rise of livestock population. h. Forced labor //mita in peru// was used to force thousands of Indians to work in mines and on other projects, but this time they were starting to get paid. And this eventually led to the wage labor system on farms and mines. i. Spanish America was essentially 80% agrarian society. But mining retained the top most position of economic activity which helped to develop a world economy. And because of the mining economy, labor drafts were enforced to get laborers working. j. Then America started becoming self-sufficient with food and material goods. k. And with the introduction of the Silver Heart, spain started tightening control over its colonies such that trade was only with spainards and then a Board of Trade in Seville controlled all commerce. This was backed up with **consulados** which were merchant guilds. l. In effect of this increasing silver into Spain was first, inflation, and then led to more investors to lend money which cost the empire more in the end.
 * The economy was based off of increasing Spain as a world power in the world economy through the control of silver and gold exchanges from America to the European mainland. **

2. Social The **Social class was determined by blood and who came first rather than function. People on top were conquerors and those on the bottom were the conquered.** <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Many of the Spanish people were urban, therefore the towns they lived in in America were also very city and town-like. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. The very conquerors of the Americas came to see themselves as the very top tier class of nobles to rule the American lands, even though most of the conquerors were essentially a mixed group, and without a doubt weren’t all 100% conqueror material. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Native Americans were not to be taken as slaves unless under circumstances of war hostages. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Because the nobility in the real Spain was getting a little concerned that the new nobliilty in America was being a bit too much, they sought to end the institutions of encomiendas. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">e. **<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Haciendas **<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;"> became a basis of wealth and power of aristocrats, with the plantations producing goods such as sugar and cacao. (Agricultural only produced a fraction of what mining had) <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Political <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">The **political background came from the mainland where elite lawyers became powerful bureaucrats that shifted the social powers of American powers + increased royal interactions.** <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Spain and Portugal created empires in America through conquest and settlement which was known to be “Latin America”. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Many of those people who came to America sought to look at themselves as rulers, with the native populations as their serfs. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. The government ran around a bureaucracy(lawyers and judges) which was professional enough to compare to that of China. Religion was the main pillar of politics, brought up by the <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. For the first 40 years, the Americas served as a testing ground. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Unlike Europe, the cities in America were usually formed in a grid or checkerboard shape. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. They created administrations, the governor, treasury, and a royal corty. It’s essentiallyspanish legalism. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. Native Americans started using the Spanish legal system and made it their own way of life, but native integration of Spanish ideas still remained limited. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">h. The Spanish American system used a bureaucracy stabilized by a trained and elite class of **letrados** and the **recopilacion** codified the alws for governing the colonies. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">i. The king was allowed rule through the **Council of the Indies** and in which created two **viceroyalties** to represent the king. And then that was also separated into **audiencias** which were to advise the royalty into making laws and collecting tax. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Intellectual <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The Iberians had their traditions to hold slaves, which was brought into America as well, which caused the Trans-Sahara trade of African slaves that was brought in America as well. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. The Spaniards adopted roman models to plan their towns. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. As missionaries rode over to the Americas, new institutions such as the Domincan church started participating., stimulating the building of Cathedreals and universities. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Many moral and philosophical debates arose that affected the decisions to further colonize the New World under the questioning of if the natives were indeed fully human. Some say they were and therefore it was not right to kill them and that they have done no wrong unlike the muslims. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Clerics wrote encyclopedias, became experts of language, others wrote books and only the clergy had the power to become a ruling intellectuall class. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. The contruction of church became a important intellectual ideal in the colonies <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. Schools were also ran by clergy. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Religious <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Religious kingdoms emerged, such as the Christians (Portugal) on the Atlantic coast, Aragon in East Spain,. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. In the mid 15th century, **Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille** created a program to unify religions, and by 1492, with the fall of Granada, the Queen forced 200,000 muslims to leave which left the economy to struggle and b/c of this cultural fervor they allowed Christopher Columbus to set out on his Campaign. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Because of the growing depopulation of native Americans, the church such as **Bartolome de las casas** tried to start a struggle for justice. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Part of the conquest jusitification came into seeing that natives were unpure, and they needed to be Christianized, therefore the that was part of how the conquests came to continue to spread religious piety. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Expansion was also in part due to the church giving away lands to those that were able to Christianize the native population under the sanctum of God. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Plus the **treaty of Tordesillas** which separated the rights of occupation by nation, where the Spanish and Potugese were allowed to rule over. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. In some ways the Church became another part of the government system, establishing churches in the center of towns and villages. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Interactions <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Many people who moved to the new world were attracted to the New World because of it’s rumored wealth and areas for social upheaval. One of those people was Mancio Serra de Leguizamon. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. The more Spaniards and Portugese intruded, the more native American cultures were diminished. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. By the 1570’s, much of the Americas had been brought under control by the Iberians (Spaniards mixed with the Natives) <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. From 1492-1570, the appearance of the Spanish and Portugese in the New World was like a boom, witnessing destruction of native Americans, and creations of a new economy, and reorganized administrations. The appearance of the Europeans on American soil, destroyed native populations. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. 1492- Columbus established **Hispaniola** in the center of the **Carribeans** which lead to conquests of neighboring islands, such as Puerto Rico, Cuba, and Panama. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. The conquest of America happened in two places, one in the near Mexico, and one in South America. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">g. **<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;">Hernan Cortes **<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif;"> 1519 tried to lead an expedition to conquer Mexio and with help of native populations, he was able to conquer the Aztecs and kill **Moctezuma II**, which went on to replace tenochititlan as Mexico City. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Technological <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. In the 1510, with the growing fame of the New World, more women rode over to the Americas, while also merchants imported African slaves to work on sugar plantations.(This lead the period of settlement in America.) <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Disease and conquest almost destroyed the native population which lead to a further increase on slavery. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Conquest was partially due on part of horses, firearms, steel weaponry, which gave an enourmous edge to the conquerors who were facing over hundreds of thousands of defenders. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. In 1540, the native populations nearly vanished as a reulst of slavery, war, and disease that brought the 25 million people down to 2 million in 1580. <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. And as other nations became interested in Spanish commercial activity, the creation of **Galleons** was important to protecting naval envoys from pirates and such.
 * <span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; text-indent: -0.25in;">Interactions based the Europeans to search for new treasures in the new world leading to a conqueror society that attempted to occupy new lands for the sake of gaining wealth. **

<span style="font-family: Garamond,serif; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">media type="custom" key="8026734" <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">**Summary:** In Sepulveda's treatise "On the Reasons for the Just War among the Indians," it is explicitly stated that the Spanish conquerers were entitled to capture the land of the natives and in doing so, these barbaric peoples would be civilized by Spanish influence. Sepulveda makes the comparison between the Native Americans to the menial positions of women and children in social heirarchy, and that thus, should be able to be conquered. He refers to the Europeans as the "perfect," and that "the perfect should command and rule the imperfect," being the natives. He uses the religion of the Indians as a factor of their subjugation, being that they are perceived to be "servants of the Devil," and must be civilized. Sepulveda argues that the Spanish conquests were more beneficial on behalf of the Indians because of their exposure to the superior Spaniards and their intellect, technology, and religion, all of which were better than the natives. His argument is supported by the writings of Aristotle.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Sepulveda relentlessly attacks the people of Latin America, criticizing and ridiculing every aspect of their lifestyle and their religion. I don't think he is justified to make these assumptions about these people, when he himself "remained in Europe for most of his life." If he hasn't explored the New World, how can he make the assumptions about these people? I just think he is just blindly attacking the natives, and supporting his argument with some ideas from previous expeditions of others, and there is no original thought. He says that the natives are "inferior to Spaniards as infants to adults and women to men." In this, he is arguing with a sexist POV, reinforcing the patriarchial social structure. He compares the inferiority b/t the natives and Spaniards, to men and women. Maybe in his time, this argument was suffice, but in modern times, its ignorant, and and enforcement of sexist morals. I also don't think it makes a suffice argument.

<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">the Spanish are superior, intellectually, civically, physically, and have a stronger politcal structure then we have right to rule over the Native Indians who are inferior in every single way to us. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">media type="custom" key="8048814" <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">I find that some factors that led to fundamental differences for each other's rational way of percieving the injustice of Spanish conquest was that, Sepulveda was just looking for a justification to base his conquest over rather than looking at it for the way it should be. But I also think that Casas could also have a bias in the idea that he may just be writing for the sake of mocking Sepulveda, thuogh he also may have had first hand experience of the barbarians. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Bartolome was a colonist, he went and had first hand experience over how Natives acted, while Sepulveda did not. He viewed the Romans as a conqueror of Spanish citizens, rather than an ally. Bartolome is more endearing towards viewing subjects from more than one perspective, and because of that, he is able to take into perspective the subject without as much bias as Sepulveda. Sepulveda didn't even go to the Americas himself! He took the stories, and paintings and illustrations that others had of the natives and placed them to accentuate more spanish nationalism in order to portray dominance of the Spanish military and ruling class, as opposed to taking into perspective of lower slaves to further propogandize the laboring class and how the Spanish were essentially better than everyone. <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">But Bartolome also viewed the subject on the term of more humanistic events, he revered the human power and the obligations by nature, natural rights, and placed that on the native americans, therefore making them this respectable group worthy of their own rights. He says that even if the Natives were "declined" in many ways, they still don't have to obliged themselves to do stuff for others.
 * <span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Main Idea: **

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<span style="font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 9px; line-height: 19px; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Chapter 19 Notes <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Brazil:The First Plantation Colony** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: In the 1500s, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**captaincies** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> were given to nobles and developed sugar plantations that are run with Native American and African slaves. The first plantations then grew into large holdings of mixed inhabitants as well as slave labor and military action beckoned by a need for a competing market with other nations. 150 planations -> 30,000 europeans + 15,000 blacks + 55,000 native Americans by 1630. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Sugar and Slavery// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Brazil social hierarchy was reflected by their plantation and slave origins, at the same time Portugal created a bureaucratic structure tieing the two together.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Brazil~ Sugar cane was cut and pressed in large mills, then the juice was heated to crystallize into sugar~ combination of industry and agriculture-> large machinery and labor of slaves to be imported.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Brazil~ social hierarchy reflected the plantation and slave origins.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-white planter families became aristocracy linked by marriages to merchants and Portuguese bureaucrats and officials. -Bottom of the society were slaves, they were distinguished by colors and status of property. -Mix origins were found among the whites and the slaves. poorer whites, freed blacks, and free Indians~ artisans
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Portugal ~created a bureaucratic structure~ Missionary ~important~ extensive cattle ranches and sugar mills supported the construction of churches and schools such as network of missions with thousands of Native American residents.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spanish-America~ royal officials trained in the law formed the core of bureaucracy -> Portuguese Empire included colonies and outposts in foreign countries~ Brazil became tight with Portugal~ stronger and more dependent.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Brazil and Portugal ~ intellectual life-> seeking higher education, government offices, and hoping to publish their works.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//Brazil’s Age of Gold// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: New plantations were created, but was abandon when gold strikes were made in 1695, which open up new settlements and increasing slave labors.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Dutch control a portion of northeastern Brazil sugar production-> Dutch, English, and French created their own plantations colonies in the Caribbean ~ producing sugar with slave laborers-> rising price of slaves and sugar price decrease (European nation tired to created an integrated set of colonies that has plantations, slaving ports, and food-producing areas.)
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Paulistas** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ search for metals-> 1695-gold strikes were made in mountainous interior in region called <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Minas Gerais** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> giving Brazilian colony a new boom.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">People abandon coastal towns and plantations to head for gold washings~ made up of immigrants and salves provide labor in the mines/plantations-> government wanted to control the wealth by collecting taxes and rein~ made Brazil the greatest source of gold in Western world.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">diamonds and gold open to new settlements.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mining open new areas for farming and ranching to supply new markets in the mining zone. ~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Rio de Janeiro** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> - mining ports grew in size and importance.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-wealth was used for sponsoring churches, artist works, architects, and composers. <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-top: 0pt; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 36pt; vertical-align: baseline;">-populated by large numbers of slaves and free persons of colors.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Multiracial Societies** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Indians, Europeans, and Africans created a large scale of multiracial societies, which they were separated with their own social rankings and own rules/laws.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Europeans as conquerors and voluntary immigrants, Africans as slaves, Indians as conquered people-> created hierarchies of masters and servants.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //The Society of Castas// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Hierarchy of castas brought different classes, restrictions, and new labors into the soceity.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">mixed marriages and informal unions were common-> large population of mixed background, mestizos~ higher status of Indians, able to live according to Spanish society, not equal to the Spanish.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Slave owners took slave servants as wives and freed their mulatto children.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">European categories of noble, priest, commoner continued and hierarchies were based on wealth and occupation~ American realities created new distinctions-> race, place of birth playing a role, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**sociedad de castas** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> basing on Europeans or whites being on the top while black slaves and native Americans are on the bottom.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">painting was developed to tell the difference of of the various combinations of mixed origins, castas~ shopkeepers and small farmers-> Brazil mainly made up of slave blacks and mulattos.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">increasing restrictions on the mixed populations

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-mestizo~ married a Spanish woman might be called white. -ranks of castas, swelled by former slaves who had been given or bought their freedom and by Indians who left their communities, spoke Spanish, lived within the orbit of Hispanic world. -colored and ethnicity created a pseudoracial hierarchy. -Wealthy merchants, landowners, bureaucrats, and miners were white. ~ Europeans.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Creoles** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ born in the New world, has control of everything ~ developed a sense of identity and pride in their accomplishments.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**peninsularies** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ born in Spain.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">hierarchy of race played a role in the tradition of gender, age, and class.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-father has control of his child until they are 25. -woman not able to be part of the government and expected to do household and motherhood duties. -women is under husband authority after marriage. -lower-class women~control small scale commerce in towns and villages, work on fields, labored in factories. Marriages were arranged and accompanied by payment. -Upper class women did not marry at young age~ placed in convents to prevent contacts/ marriages with partners of mixed backgrounds.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**The 18th Century Reforms** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Intellectual ideas were brought up into Spain and Portugal creating new ideas and improvements into the empires.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spain~ <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**amigos del pais** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> met in many cities to discuss and plan different kinds of reforms. //
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Portugal~ foreign influences and ideas to created a group of progressive thinkers and bureaucrats that open new ideas in economy, education, and philosophy. //

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Shifting Balance of Politics and Trade// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Foreign countries begin to weaken Spain, the War of the Spanish Succession was fought and as a result the Treaty of Utrecht was passed to announce Bourbon family as the new ruler of Spain.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Foreign wars, increasing debt, declining population, and internal revolts ~ weaken Spain= threaten by foreign countries->foreign countries taking over Caribbean ports and creating their own plantations and settlements.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">loss of territories, annual fleets becomes irregular, silver payments from America decrease, ships were non-Spanish origin, colonies became self-sufficient, central government becoming weaker, aristocrats increase control over economy and government on their regions~ corruptions in Spain.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**War of the Spanish Succession** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">ensured, result at the Treaty of Utrecht~ recognizing the branch of Bourbon family as rulers of Spain.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">//The Bourbon Reforms// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: The Bourbon reforms were able to fix some of the issues for the colonies under the control of Portugal and Spain, but there were still some dissatisfaction during the time.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Charles III** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, wanted strong centralized government to institute economic, administrative, and military reforms~ anyone who against it gets punished or suppressed.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">System of taxation was tighten, navy was reform, new ships were build, convey fleet system was abandon, new ports were opened, ships were restricted to be sail under Spanish license.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">new viceroyalities were developed to provide better administration and defense to growing populations of regions.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Jose de Galvez** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> eliminated the Creoles from the upper bureaucracy of the colonies, corregidores were removed from Indian villages-> Creoles bureaucrats, miners, and landowners ~ political power declined.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Reforms in America~ defense and military matters.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spain was allied with France, but global struggle of France and England lead toward the Spain to be an easy target~ Spain sought out every means to strengthen itself.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">During the Buorbon reforms~ government took an active role~ state monopoles were created for items that government consider to be essential such as tobacco and gun power~ new areas were open to development.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Cuba ~ full scale plantation and slave colony~ exporting sugar, coffee, and tobacco and importing Africans.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Buenos Aires~ 1790~ ranching and export of hides and slated beef~ merchants dominated the region’s trade.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Spanish and English goods were cheaper and more accessible~ therefore, locally produced food was undercut so the other goods were not able to compete with the European imports.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">international trade tighten, while Latin America’s economy decrease.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Mining inspectors and experts was sent to Peru and New Spain to suggest reforms and introduce new techniques~ new discoveries of new veins allowing production expand~ silver production creating an increase in the production.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Bourbon reform~ Spain and America ~ short term- restructuring of government and reviving the Spanish empire economy. Long term- removal of Creoles from government, creation of militia with Creole officer corps, open of commerce, contributing to growing sense of dissatisfaction among elite.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //Pombal and Brazil// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: Marquis of Pombal begin to take his reform of changing the tradition status of Africans, Native Americas, European, and Indians.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Marquis of Pombal** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">~ hoped to use techniques to break England’s hold on Portuguese economy, developed a dislike for Jesuits because of their allegiance to Rome and their semi-independent control of large areas in Brazil, expelled Jesuits from Portuguese Empire in 1759.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pombal made Brazil as his centerpiece of his reform~

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">-Fiscal reforms eliminated contraband, gold smuggling, and tax evasion. -Monopoly companies formed stimulating agriculture in older plantation zones/ given right to import large numbers of slaves. -new crops were developed -Rio de Janeiro became the capital/ agricultural growth. -Jesuit missionaries dominating Amazonian region receives new attention -monopoly company ~ created to develop region’s economy and development of cotton plantations, export of wild cacao from Amazonian forests.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">abandon slavery in Portugal to stop the import of slaves, encourage whites to marry Indians, immigrant couples of Portugal and Azores were sent to colonize at the Amazon basin and plains of southern Brazil~ produce large quantities of wheat and cattle.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Pombal ~ reduce trade imbalance with England~ Brazilian trade suffered due to the demand for it products on the world market remain low.

<span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> //Reforms, Reactions, and Revolts// <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"> MI: After an increase in population, rebellions begin to take place with the Comunero revolt of 1781 and the Tupac Amaru bringing the dissatisfaction that the people have toward the government.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Increasing of populations was from the declining of mortality rates, increasing fertility levels, increasing immigration from Europe, thriving slave trade~ opening of new areas to development and Europe’s increasing demand for American product.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Rebellions in New Granada~ on popular complaints against the government’s control of tobacco and liquor consumption and rising prices such as taxes~ spread of <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Comunero Revolt** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">of 1781.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Peru revolt lead by Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui, <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">**Tupac Amaru** <span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">, mestizo with direct link to the family of Incas ~bad government/ against worst abuses of colonial regime~ was captured and brutally executed. ~ fail due to Creoles had their own grievances against the government.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">government collect back taxes in mining region in 1788~ few bureaucrats, intellectuals, miners planned an uprising for independence~ arrested or killed.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;"><span style="background-color: transparent; color: #000000; font-family: Arial; font-size: 11pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; list-style-type: disc; text-decoration: none; vertical-align: baseline;">Colonies begin to revolt against the control of Spain and Portugal~ different groups have different complaints.