Middle+East+20th+Century

What are National Borders? National Borders are the lines that define a nation. They are the dividing point between one and another nation, determining where one nation begins and ends. And how they are determined are through political treaties. Back in the past, a political entity earned their boundaries through warfare and conquering. But in modern day civilization, where nuclear Warfare is possible and advancements in militaristic technology would be able to destroy millions of lives, boundaries are formed through treaties and alliances and common areas of interest. They are formed through securing a boundary using military force and pushing away potential opposition.





Outlne notes 661-666. ad 727-729

798 - 801 802-803

1 661-666

Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Military Responses: Dictatorships and Revolutions
 * 1) Egpyt and the rise of Nationalism in the Middle East
 * 2) starting from the decades after british conquest, Lord Cromer, a high commisionner of egpyt,, pushed for strong economic reforms (reduce debt) and reformed buruecracy and construction projects -thing was, these reforms satisfied only the middle-high elite, the political elite, and a small amount of middle class folk.
 * 3) And the homes of the British elite class was far ore superior than the middle-low, therefore there was clear distinct class difference, in which the middle-low operated on to remove british inteference.
 * 4) And the operations were mainly carried out by the sons of effendi (the properous business and professional families)
 * 5) Egpytian writers also attacked the british for racism and critics argued just as wel as european-trained critics
 * 6) 1890 the first nationalist party was formed,and although there were alternatives, the majority of egpytians were illiterate, poor, and ignored.
 * 7) Dinshawai Incident of 1906: was a confrontation between the British and the egpytians and ws relatively small, the british responded with advanced support and reduced any further modivation to fight back.
 * 8) by 1913, nationalism was growing significantly, and had granted the egpytians a constitution and representation in parliament
 * 1) by 1913, nationalism was growing significantly, and had granted the egpytians a constitution and representation in parliament
 * 1) Egypt 1952, revolt and independence movement struggled against North Africa. Plus Palestine continued to have problems
 * 2) Zionists cause was also heightened to a greater extent because of the Holocaust, because of communal rioting, and violent assaults.
 * 3) From 1936-39, revolt swept through Palestine, leading to violent Zionist resistance, and continued under the Haganah, or terrorist organizations.
 * 4) And the new United Nations partitioned Palestine into Arab and Jewish countries.
 * Egpyt stayed dependent, it went back to were it first began **
 * 1) *In conditions of political breakdown, the military controls all*
 * 2) At their worst, countries such as Uganda and Myanmar, and Congo increased social inequalities while removing civil liberties, and enforce military regimes across the region to militaristically squander opposition.
 * 3) Gamal Abdul Nasser was a radical in approaches. After a military coup in 1952, and the Egpytians won their independence, he took power and caused revolutionary forces to arise to take back what the elitist society had had.
 * 4) The Free Officers Movement established in 1930, prepared to seize power and allied with the Muslim Brotherhood to form another revolutionary ally.
 * 5) Founded by Hasan-alBanna, he founded the Muslim brotherhood to get rid of poverty, of injustices, and foreign oppression. Thereby promoting trade, medical clinics, land reform.
 * 6) Egpytians ruled themselves by 1954, disbanding and allowing for the free officers movement to take place.
 * 7) Nasser used dictatorial powers to uplift oppression, and began to intervene.
 * 8) Egpyt’s economic independence had restrictions on foreign investments, attempted to destroy the Israeli state.
 * 9) Anwar Sadat, Nasser’s successor dismantled massive state apparatus favoring pirvate initiatives.
 * 10) Hosni Mubarak continued to open Egypt to aid and investment by the United States

Iran: Religious Revivalism and the Rejection of the West
 * 1) Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini threback anticolonial resistance. (Sudan).
 * 2) Radical reforms fundmental to breakback nationalism

World War I 1916 - Secret Agreement between British and French Sykes Pico Agreements 1917 - Balfour Declarations > Promised Land to the Zionists (for United States' Support) and Arabs (for Arabian Support) 1918 - Wilson's 15 points = hope for Middle East 1919 - Mandates - Middle > Grants of Land by League of Nations, 2 Mandates (Syria and Lebanon) and the Rest were British Future Wars for Oil; > 1930's British + the U.S. drilling into the Middle East (Kuqait w/ US in Suadi Arabia)

World War II In order to protect oil supplies; and was essential to all the fighting. Holocaust 1948, you see Israel = Created (And on the day Israel was created as a state, it was invaded) > by Egpyt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, Iraq by 1949, Israel expanded

Women in African and Asian Nationalist Movements - Would that make or break the prescence and credibility A colony liberating the western influence. - If a women talks and then a man takes action - You don't need to get women a right to vote,

Summary of the Middle East Nationalism in the Middle wasn’t confusing, it was merely backwards. They thought they would gain independence, freedom of political corruption, modernization, but in the end they did not. Political leaders who promised that very reason became the very dissatisfaction in the end. In addition the nationalism between all these nations in the middle east were not connected to each other. For example, Palistinian’s violent resolves and terrorist organization as well as anti-sematic beliefs fueled rage against the Isreali people. Unfortunately the Middle eastern countries’ ties to Islam did not appreciate Jewish members to infiltrate their sanctum. Plus their leaders were mostly corrupt in the first place. They all promised their people to end political corruption, end poverty etc and initated several reforms, but in the end their government policy was becoming too corrupt. Although they hated the control of Western powers, they sort of needed them to help whenever possible, because they did not possibly have enough military strength to defend themselves in a civil war. Plus some countries like Iran formally contracted to reject westernized opinions and ideas, throwing away fundamental strengths to breakdown political corruption and dissatisfaction. This sort of backwards way of destroying resources that could have provided them with a more modernized experience was thrown away. And radical leaders like Khomeini and Nasser were starting to become what they said they wouldn’t be, dictators.