Rise+of+Russia


 * 1) Describe the effects of Mongol occupation on Russian civilization
 * 2) justified Russian rule due to it's ownership of the "Khan title" which appealed to people for their conquerance over the mongol empire.
 * 3) reduced cultural life >less literacy on priests
 * 4) trade down + manufacturing limited-> agricultural
 * 5) b/c of declination, there was need for reformation
 * 6) British merchants to trade + italian artists
 * 7) The Mongols were effectively the cause of Russian declination, but it was because of this disadvantage that Russia was more willing to produce more positive results. For one, the Mongol occupation reduced cultural life by causing less literacy amongst the Priests. Russians were also stunted commercially. They reverted back into this agricultural society, where trading was reduced and manufacturing limited. But because of this, Russian tzars worked to reform the commercial sector by establishing new contacts with the West, such as Britain, and import Renaissance artists to culturally reinvent Russia.
 * 8) Trace Russian expansion under the Ivans.
 * 9) 1462- much of russia freed by tatars (Ivan III)
 * 10) 1480-expansion south(III) -> Lithuanian kingdom to Ural mountains
 * 11) 1552-1556 - expanded central Asia, they were determined to push the Mongols back
 * 12) peasents migrate to new lands, cossacks who cmobined agriculture with military might-> conquered Caspian Sea + Siberia
 * 13) Ivans rewarded nobles by giving them estates in new lands



Leader Analysis Sheet Peter I the Great || 9 June 1672 – 8 February 1725 || Title: Tzar of Russia, House of Romanovs || Russia || Years in Power: 1689-1725 ||
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * 1) Previously ruled by the Mongols, therefore wanted to reform commercial and culturally activities. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * 1) Wanted Russia to move in the that the West was moving integrating Diplomacy and Culture without losing it’s own traditions.
 * 2) Sought for alliances to fight against Turkish power
 * 3) New economic efforts to promote the well-being of Russia and advance/protect it’s military values.
 * 4) He wanted Russia to be culturally respectable to others. ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * 1) Brought back many Western Artisans and Sciences back to Russia.
 * 2) He sought absolute power, being an Autocrat
 * 3) Recruited Beaucrats outside of aristocracy.
 * 4) Imitated Western military, with trained fighting force + enforced a police to watch over political leaders.
 * 5) Attacked Ottoman Empire
 * 6) Warred with Sweden > gained territory on the Baltic Sea meaning they had access to sea trade.
 * 7) Further westernized Russia by moving capital to St. Petersburg from Moscow
 * 8) He took in many western approaches to culture, economy, politics, and used them to Westernize Russia.
 * 9) Improved Weapons, created navy, rid of noble control, systemized law, revised tax, training institutes.
 * 10) Economy = mining industries w/o developing a large laboring class
 * 11) Reduced Women’s power, took away many of the Russian Women’s freedoms
 * 12) Attempted to make education in math and tech by finding institutes. ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * 1) He increased the power of the State by stating this reform period.
 * 2) Shifted/showed how easy it could be to change power from aristocrats to lower/middle classes. Therefore reducing aristocratic/centralizing control.
 * 3) Serfdom/creation of a working class
 * 4) __temporarily became major power__
 * 5) __created trading ports Baltic and Caspian Seas after conquering Sweden__
 * 6) __Moscow -> St. Peterburg__ || Long-Term Effects
 * 7) Chancery of Secret Police survived
 * 8) Built Russia to be a Western Culture Dome.
 * 9) Encouraged an Autocratic State
 * 10) __Strong Navy = Greater power__
 * 11) __Revised tax system__
 * 12) __increased learning__ ||

LA of CAtherine + notes day 2, take notes

Leader Analysis Sheet Catherine the Great || (1729-1796) || Title: Female Tzar of Russia || Russia || Years in Power (1762-1796) ||
 * Name of Leader:
 * Lifespan
 * Country/region:
 * Political, Social, & Economic Conditions Prior to Leaders Gaining Power
 * 1) After the fall of Peter the Great came years of weak rule defined mostly by fighting for power.
 * 2) Control of the Tzar was effectively weakened and westernization became a controversial topic that upset the power of Tzars.
 * 3) Expansion still occurred with the occasional fight against the Ottoman Empire.
 * 4) Peter III was in power, but he was very uncapable, therefore his wife, Catherine II the Great overtook his rule after his death.
 * 5) An unpopular foreign policy move caused her to want to dethrone her husband, whereby she had assistance from the palace guard. She was placed into power as empress after the assassination of the king. ||
 * Ideology, Motivation, Goals:
 * 1) Centralized government, put down uprisings __control the peasent class__
 * 2) General enlightenment interests with the need to accumulate power
 * 3) Patronized western art styles + architecture.
 * 4) Still expanded Russian borders ||
 * Significant Actions & events During Term of Power
 * 1) **Pugachev rebellion**, was a peasent uprising led by Emelian Pugachev, and Catherine used it as an excuse to extend the powers of central government.
 * 2) She imported French philosophers
 * 3) Discussed new law codes and reformed them into less severe punishments
 * 4) She revised the power of nobles, nobles had new powers such that they were indeed in control, but they were service aristocrats rather than independent. -> overlooked peasenst over a region, tax, use as labor, punish. >punishments were heightened.
 * 5) She added to St. Petersburg encouraging touring and education in the new classical styled city. But avoided cultural influence of the west //countered the French revolution in 1789//
 * 6) Countered western inspired radicals, sought abolition of serfdom, -> Radishev = banned
 * 7) Campaigns agasint the ottoman empire, new territories in Central Asia, Crimea, and bordering the Black Sea.
 * 8) Colonized Siberia + claimed Alaska, went to west coast of North America
 * 9) Power politics in Prussia and Austria
 * 10) Interfered in polish activities.
 * 11) **Paritition of Poland** > eliminated Poland as an independent state + Russia gained the most territory, ||
 * Short-Term effects:
 * 1) Expanded borders of Russian control over seas and in central Asia
 * 2) Shifted power of nobles
 * 3) Expanded on philosophical claims
 * 4) Expaned western influence and art and education || Long-Term Effects
 * 5) Westernized the entire country
 * 6) Turned into the world’s power
 * 7) Culturally changed Russia
 * 8) Autocratic rule was efficient style of running
 * 9) Serfdom was not obilerterated, and the idea of nobles continued. ||

1. Serfdom

//b. //Serfdom was mostly a commercial and political way to distribute jobs and overall well-being of the empire. //<span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. //<span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt;">Control of the serf class was one of the more important aspects to quall rebellions. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. In the past serfs were mostly free farmers with greater freedoms than the Western serfs <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. After the Mongols left, many peasents fell into debt and had to serve under nobles to repay debts <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Serfdom gave the government a way to monitor the peasants and please the nobles, especially during times of expansion to serve as a buearacratic function <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Half of russia’s peasants were serfs, and the other half was under the state control <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. 1649- Law was passed that made it so serfs could not legally escape their class under hereditary rights. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">h. Serfdom was almost just slavery, in the way that they can be bought, sold, gambled, and punished, which helped supported political control <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">i. Economically, serfs were used to produce a surplus of agricultural goods to sell to western merchants for manufactured goods <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Luxury furnishings and clothing for aristocratic life <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">j. Peasants utilized their communal facilities more so than the West, but they were also poor and illiterate. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">k. They also were obligated to mine and manufacture to produce economic income for their lords <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">l. 1785- Law for landlords to be punished harshly for crimes committed such as rebellion was placed. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Trade and Economic Dependence //<span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. //<span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt;">The Serfdom class was heavily relied on to function as an economic backbone, and to carry out important functions of agriculture and of manufacturing. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. There was no well-placed artisan class, and 95% of the population remained rural therefore there was not a major labor force. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Most of the small merchant groups had been those of the west who had posts in Russia and relied on their shipping. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. The nobles disapproved a potential merchant class <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;">i. Because that would cause greater competition <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Russia still had enough money to support expansion and control <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. They were still able to trade goods such as fur and etc. with countries outside of the West <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">g. Population doubled in 18th century to 36 million <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">h. Manufacturing lagged behind the West, and usually lords wanted to have increased production in the economy. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Social Unrest //<span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. //<span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt;">Because of the dependency on the serfdom class, and the occasional downplaying of the serfs, tensions between the elites and the peasants erupted. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Peasants sometimes accused their landlords of stealing land that was rightfully theirs <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. And as a result came several peasant upbringings, which destroyed manorial records, stole back land, and killed off officials and landlords. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Rebellions occurred in the 17th century and onward, but were usually cut off by royal control <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. The Pugachev rebellion, was a strong rebellion in which Pugachev promised to end serfdom, taxes, and military conscription but in the end, Catherine the Great cut him off and accentuated noble control/power <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Russia and Eastern Europe <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt;">a. After the fall and lost of many smaller regional autonomies, Russia became one of the sole identity of Eastern Europe. // <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. In the 18th century, growing trade with the west caused cultural exchanges, picking up enlightenment ideas <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Parts of the Scientific Revolution currented into places such as Hungary and east central Europe. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">d. Eastern European countries lost political autonomy <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">e. Decline of Poland into regional kingdoms of Poland and Lithuaniam used to be the largest country besides Russia. <span style="color: black; font-family: Garamond,serif; font-size: 16pt; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">f. Russia essentially took control over the Eastern half after the fall of Poland a. “Russian serfdom constituted a distinctive social and economic system”