Africa

Africa and the Africans in the Age of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1. // The Atlantic Slave Trade: // a. // Main Idea: //Portuguese extended needs for slave labor because of the demand in its American colonies, and that need made way to organized slave trade between Europe and Africa  i. // Supporting Idea: // 1487, when first P. ships arrived in The Cape of Good Hope, the P. started creating ** factories, forts, and trading posts. **This was a mutual relationship in which the P. were allowed to hold commercial positions in exchange to giving the African Lords access to trade and protection during local Wars.  ii. // Supporting Idea: //In return for the goods from Europe, in which Ivory, animal skins, gold as well as slaves were given in exchanged, and one of the most important factory was ** El Mina (1482) ** which was center to a gold-producing region. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. // <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Idea: //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">But also as an after effect, commerce soon affected political, religious, and social relations. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. // <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Supporting Idea: //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> The Europeans entering into this region were mainly Christian, but they were without a doubt suspicious of the Muslim inhabitants of this land. And at sight of such great kingdoms ie. // Benin and Kongo // the P. wanted to convert them. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Missionaries were successful in Kongo, where ** Nzinga Mvemba **converted his whole kingdom. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. But as a result, the king’s subjects started becoming enslaved by European ambassadors and Nzinga could not do much because of P.’s control of communication and it’s trade. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. // <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Supporting Idea: //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Although the Africans viewed Europeans as strong and worthy, the Europeans saw the Africans only as pagan but civilized enough to convert. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. P’s kept taking colony after colony on the African Coast, dominating trading systems in ** Luanda (Angola) **, Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala, on the Indian Ocean and the Red Sea. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. P’s settlements were not permanent, it was only processed with a sense of commercialization and militarism as well as missionary effort. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. After Serfdom ended in the middle ages, there was a need income of slave/cheap labor/ a labor group. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iv. Plus history between Muslims and Christians were still in play and they were both enemies and enslaving one of their believers was probably “justified” in the Christian kingdom. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> v. The first slaves arrived in America from P. in 1441, where slaves became just another common household object. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. < 1450 50/year; <1460 500/yr <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. And by 1600, the slave trade predominated over all commerce on the African Coast. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. // <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Trend Toward Expansion //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. // <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Main Idea: //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> Slavery was growing no matter what, and more and more slaves were being imported from Africa itself to provide essential labor needs in the Americas plus not only were slaves imported, they were treated under harsh conditions as well. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. // <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Supporting detail: //<span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">  Estimates of 10-11 million Slaves were brought into America between 1450-1850. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Plus morality rates were around 10-20% for those coming in off the trans-atlantic. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. Morality was high and fertility was low therefore there was still a popular need of slavery to indulge American labor needs from Africa. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iv. Slaves in North America though never reached above a quarter of the population except in the Carribeans where the population was 80-90% slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> v. Brazil itself reached over 42 percent of the entire New World lsave trade <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">3. Demographic Changes <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Main Idea: Most of the trans-atlantic trade consisterd of women concubines because of the natural occurance to reproduce in which case could reduce cost if importing new slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Women were obviously valueable sources to American labor to provide a natural power to reproduce <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Children weren’t good to bring over <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. This demographic change in the Americas helped skew native populations in Africa where new crops were to be develop to help feed it’s large slave population. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">4. Organization of the Trade <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Main Idea: <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. For the most part, P’s controlled their own African Societies in Africa therefore they were their own suppliers of slaves on the T-A route. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Then other countries started going into Africa to compete with the Portuguese, with the Dutch taking over El Mina and the English creating the ** Royal African Company **in which to charter new slave society. French was similar behavior. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. Merchant towns were a must for good trade <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Most of the time, European traders needed to deal with Local Rulers by paying them tribute in the form of Iron Bars, but the overall message was still the fact that Africans traded their own people in for money and material value. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. The Triangular Trade existed in which Slaves were brought in America to produce Sugar, tobacco, and other goods to bring into Europe as much needed for the anxious society, and were traded for more slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. The Slave trade permitted Capitalism to grow. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">2. And the Slave trade was essential to the economy, because it was a profitable business <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">5. Society, Slavery <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Main Idea: Slavery already existed pre-Slave Trade, therefore it should still be justified, and that theory intensified the impact of slavery. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Back in the African Societies, they were considered as property with souls. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Some were to pay tribute to the ruler, and those enslaved had to pay. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. And many forms of servitude were because of kinship ties, or exploitive economic and social gains, and Trans Atlantic trade only strengthened the slave trade. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iv. Hierarchal deprecation also attacked women, putting women in a position that was unfavorable to them and there were any more female slaves than male <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> v. Muslims didn’t believe in slavery, but most of Africa was under Islamic influence, so the slaves in which they captured would be neighbors, therefore states were dependent on expanding their region to supply slaves to other institutions. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">6. Slaving and African Politics <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. The existence of Slavery caused lands to expand and fight wars in order to gain this economic benefit, and the slave trade also intensified and heightened the power of guns and weapons and instability of Africa <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Firearms/gunpowder period of 1550-1850 more people were using guns and weapons to expand militaristically. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Wartime caused instability in African Societies + tensions of politics between captives and the rich and religion. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. For the purposes of trading influence, European nations interfered in centralized government in Africa to monopolize trade. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">7. Asante and Dahomey <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Asante was a Gold Coast territory, while Dahomey was a slave coast territory. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Although both ruled with great councils, the Asante ruled with Asantehene as the civil and religious authority. And Osei Tutu led to taking a lot of slaves to be sold to buy more firearms to control the gold trade. And slaves were 2/3rds of the entire trade. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Dahomey was autocratic with the help of applied firearms and it turned out to be a cycle of trading firearms and slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. As kingdoms became more autocratic and centralized, the role of the civilized king was more defined and that created art, or sculptures that represented the power of the king. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">8. East Africa and the Sudan <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. East Africa was looking for more diverse implications and use of it’s territory for religious, economic, and political purposes <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. They traded internally for Ivory, Gold, and Slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. And the islands of Zanzibar and on the coast were gathered, colonized, some had plantations, and slavery was constant. Slavery spread from inside of Africa towards the coast. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. Bantu speakers predominated, especially the luo people who created a ruling dynasty in the East <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iv. And the east was less influenced by that of the outside world. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> v. And for Sudan, it was being bordered by Muslim control, and one group, the Fulani was affected by Muslims to a great extent, and this created strong Muslim control of the region <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> vi. And as Islamization continued, jihads in political factions started to rise up adding more instability to the continent. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">9. White Settlers in African Society <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Because of white settlers in Africa, conflicts arose. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Southern Africans were mainly pastoral, and more primitive incomparison with the world, with 50k inhabitants, local warfare, bantu-speaking, and they liked to expand their territory enough to conflict with the Dutch East India Company on Good Hope. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. The European settlers saw this as an invasion and captured the Africans (17k settlers, with 26k slaves) <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. Plus the settlers moved north because of lack of land, creating Boer states, and travelled a ** Great Trek ** as to finally be rid of gov’t interference. But these volttrekkers moved into land that was not so populated because of the after effect of war. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">10. The Mfecane and the Zulu Rise <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. The Zulu rise caused many wars on the African Continent, adding more to the instability and war in Africa. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. The Rise of Shaka led to campaigns and migrations, raiding Ports on the east, Euros in the South, and other local warfare (mfecane) <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. It sparked new empires up such as the Swazi and the Lesotho, who resisted Zulu and developed as a kingdom. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">11. The African Diaspora <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Slavery was resisted but ultimately Africans were taken away into America on a diaspora or migration, and became a large part of American settlement. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">12. Slave Lives <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Being a slave was horrible, and that led to grounds laying on traumacy, mutiny, but did not remove African Culture and heritage. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. The Middle passage slave voyage took Africans away from their homes, and living in conditions far worse than those at home. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Morality rates increased to 1/3 dying on the way due to overcrowding, and laid at 18% <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. Being a slave meant that yourhome was destroyed, your village captured, and separation of family and friend. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">13. Africans in the Americas. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. African’s role in America were to provide large amounts of labor. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Plantation system to provide Europeans with satisfying goods, used coerced labor to produce sugar, tropical crops, and other goods to be sent back to Europe to make profits. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Plus they also ranged from doing house work, or minning, or being artisans and vendors but mostly agricultural. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">14. American Slave Societies. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. Although retaining many customs, some common traits included racial distinctions, economic status, composition <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Color and race determined social hierarchy, free people were intermediate linked Africans and Whites. These distinctions created affiliations in America, and many slave rebellions were organized through African Ethnic lines. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 2in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. Jamaica, in the 18th century = largest escaped community. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Carribeans, where natives died out, Blacks were the majority, making upto 80%, and the slave populations and of free slaves outnumbered whites. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. In North America, free slaves were fewer, and slavery was less affected by African trade, and most slaves were naturally produced, and weakened African Culture. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">15. The People and Gods in Exile <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. The People’s Cultures were often times dependent on the number of Africans along with the density, and what original African culture there was would be converted to and Afro-American culture and continuity. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Slaves were converted into Catholics by the Spanish and the P’s. And religion played a large role in African lives, enough to regard distinctions between the holy black brotherhoods and to regard men and women with holy statuses as noble. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Candomble and vodun became centered religions that flourished in the new world. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. And because of the harsh reality of the situation, religion was often times a sanctum of spiritual transfer, to control their anger. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">b. Despite religious tolerance though, resistance and rebellion were common as pects of the history of Africans. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. 1835, Bahia, largest slave rebellion in Brazil <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. 1527, disruption of communication in Hispaniola. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. Palmares, runaway slave kingdom of 10k resisted attempts to destroy to gain freedom. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iv. Suriname, dutch plantation colony, long lasting war, and in the end truce’d and saved over 50k slave members, and maintained African culture and background. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">16. The End of the Slave Trade and the Abolition of Slavery <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-indent: -0.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">a. The end resulted from economic, political, and religious changes in Europe and those institutions in America. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. Enlightenment, revolution, industrial revolution, revivalism changed the way Europeans viewed society and ultimately affected the change in treatment of African Americas as slaves. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. Plantations were thought to be less important as slaves farmed less important crops, but plantations were booming causing greater appeal. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. Enlightened thinkers saw to the cultivation of uncivilized people to be positive, as well as being inhumane and cruel. <span style="margin: 0in 0in 0pt 1.5in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level3 lfo1; mso-text-indent-alt: -9.0pt; text-indent: -1.5in;"><span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iv. British slave trade was abolished in 1807, and under William Wilberforce, the abolitionist movement gained strength and with Britain’s naval power, influenced the abolitionist movement in many other parts of the world. The full end did not occur until 1888 when it was abolished in Brazil. <span style="font-family: 'Tahoma','sans-serif'; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">