Muslim+Civilizations

Ottomans

The Ottomans 1. Economic a. Trade was closely regulated by government officials as well as being centered around military and expansionist ideals.  i. Commerce within the empire was in the hands of the Cristian and Jewish merchants, and were under the political protection of Ottoman rulers  ii. Constantinople was the capital, and it’s habors were crowded with merchant ships from throughout the region  iii. Bazaars were filled with merchants from England and Malaysia  iv. Traded from spices from the Indies to the Ivory from Africa and timber from Russia and luxury goods from Persia  v. The Ottoman closely regulated commercial exchanges and production  vi. Gov’t officials ensured standardized usages of weights and measures and licensing the opening of shops  vii. Artisans organized into guilds, setting craft standards, control disputes btw members and provided financial assistance for members 2. Social a. Military Leaders played the dominant role, and troops were made up of conscripted young boys  i. Military leaders were regarded as high ranking  ii. Cavalry developed as a warrior aristocracy, and were given control over land and peasent free class for households and military retainers  iii. Warrior class worked with religious leaders to control Ottoman bureaucracy and expansion of it  iv. Warrior class power shrunk, and competed with cultans and bureaucracy for money and labor control <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. Imperial army was dominated by infantry called the Janissaries and enabled youngs boys to fight large wars <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> vi. Young infantry troops were even put into the military for a chance of greater social upheaval <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> vii. slaves were also given extensive schooling and conversion to Islam <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> viii. artillery and firearms became vital to success in battles <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ix. Coffeehouses were places of gossip businesses <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Political <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Operated under absolute monarchy but also suffered from factions in the military elite and religious principles <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Monarch maintained power through the power of military factions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. As the empire grew in size and wealth, the monarch started to not care for it’s people. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Most of the life was also luxurious <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. The bureaucracy was known as the vizier and was the overall head of the administration that was at points, had more power than the sultan <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. Because of many candidates being able to become monarch, there was constant danger of revolt, and warefare amongst the sons, and often times military campaigns led to candidates being pitted against each other in warfare. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. Established naval power in the Mediterrean sea, and drove out the Venetians and Genoese from Eastern Medi. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Intellectual <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Sultans strove to restore the capital to it’s former glory <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Cathedral of Saint Sophia became one of the greatest mosque in the Islamic world, and new mosques and palaces were created throughout <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Architectural advances were taken from byzantines <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. Markets were open, defenses were repaired, and creation of new technology benefitted social motives <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. Built mansions, rest houses, religious schools, hospitals throughout the city <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. Wrote in Arabic and in Persian for law and religion <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> vi. Turkish language became preferred expression for poets and historians <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Religious <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The Ottomans were tolerant of the Christian and Jewish populations and did not force their religion on anyone <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. People of the book were protected by the Ottoman rulers <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. Mosques were rebuilt and the building of religious schools helped to profoundify the impact of religion in political and social environments <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. Religious leaders had some impact on political institutions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Interactions <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Geared towards warfare and expansion <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. For militaristic reasons as well as economic reasons such as selling land <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Technology <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Aquaducts were built on surrounding hills to provide water to the population <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">b. Architectural buildings satisfied many intellectual motives <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">c. Ceramics, manufacturing, and architecture were mainly crafting skills people have learned. Technology was not geared toward war, though they <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;"> have inherited few possessions of firearms and defensive structures for their armies.

safavids <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Shi’a Challenge of the Safavids <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Economic: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Under Abbas the great, new ceremonies regarding the introduction of strong elite affluence brought new prosperity to the Safavids <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. He introduced a new foreign policy to expand international exchange, by allowing the buildings of workshops for silk manufacturing, as well as Persian carpets. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. He encouraged merchants to not only trade with neighbors and India but also to China and the Dutch and English, who were becoming more and more familiar as they entered the Persian gulf and Arabian Sea. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. The Economy remained backwards from the Ottomans, instead of international sea trade, it was incoming sea trade. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Social: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The Safavids grew to become largely a military state heralded by the strong military aristocracy under Islam. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Therefore the state was held under rule by the Military, and then freemen and slaves. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. The state’s social divisions sprouted up from past origins, and were similar to the Ottomans, dominated by warrior elites, <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. But as the peasant class were being abused and civil strife and breakdown of vital services occurred, the peasant class started to revolt and the elites were asked to do something. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. Women of the Safavids had legal and social disadvantages, subordinate to men and had not religious or political power, no artistic expression, or religious power. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Although active in trade and conspiracies. But divorcer situations were improbable. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Political: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. The Safavids relied mostly on the military elite to lead, while <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> i. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Sail al-Din **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> initiated the dynasty and began the military campaign to reform and spread Islam to it’s Turkic and Persian population. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. His followers were called **Red Heads** because of the symbolic headgear they wore <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Ismaiil **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> was one of the later succesors of Sail al-Din and helped win a string of victories by which made him Shah in 1501 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. After the battle of Chaldiran, and a long warrior turmoil in the Safavid lands, the new shah was to be known as **Abbas I** who led the Safavisd to the epitome of achievements. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. But before Abbas, Tahmasp I and latter shahs gradually promoted a warrior elite, where elites were nobles, and elites were allowed to control slaves in their assigned villages. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. After some time, this idea of a warrior elite became dangerous to the success of the shah, therefore rulers recruited more and more Persians into politics <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> vi. The Military was made of captured youths from Russia who made the backbone of his army like the jannisaries of the Ottomans, and in the end created an army of over 40,000 troops. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. Interactions: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. They sought to reform Islam and spread Islam across the Turkic and Persian countries, which also meant strains with the Ottoman empire <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. 1510, conquered most of Persia, drive the Ozbegs out, took over Iraq. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> ii. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">At the Battle of Chaldiran **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> the two factions, the Ottomans and the Safavids fought each other, resulting in wide-spread murder, but also came to realization the importance of gunpowder and artillery. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The Safavids lost **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> which allowed for the Ottomans to become able to take over their region, but eventually did not because the Ottomans did not have enough left over military strength to take everything, but it also determined the Shiaism remain centrally in Persia. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. Religious: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Most of the religious life was supplanted by new traditions from Persians after the battle of Chaldiran, and was largely regulated by the government, only to promote Shia’sm <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Safavids imported early Persian sufi experts <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. And later shahs relied on relied on religious scholars <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> iii. **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Mullahs **<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">were both local mosque officials and supervised the state and given support <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. All religious leaders were required to curse the first three caliphs and mention the Safavid shah in Friday sermons <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. Many other religions were influenced to convert in Shiasm. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Intellectual: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. In the past Turkic languages were to be learnt, but after the battle of Chaldiran came the speciality of learning new Persian languages and culture, in fact most of the Cultural life was supplanted by new traditions. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> i. Later shahs would stop claiming divine rights, but instead claimed descent from the Shi’a succesors **imams** of Ali. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> ii. The earlier shahs helped restore artistic creations, restoring mosques, schools, and public works. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 2in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Abbas on the other hand created a new found network of international exchange and Islamic culture, roads, rest houses, workshops to manufacture silk and carpets. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iii. The Capital at **Isfahan** was even more profound, with a great central square, with two-story high shops, mosques and government buildings <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> iv. He founded colleges, contructed public baths and rest houses, and made workshops look pretty decent. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1.5in; text-indent: -1.5in;"> v. Plus artisans helped create most of the work to build a new lavish awesome looking dynasty. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Technological: <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">a. Most technology at first was to help promote a warrior society, but then reverted back to lavish increase of intellectual life.

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; margin-left: 1in; text-indent: -0.25in;">Mughals


 * E || **MI: The economy of the Mughal Empire centered around trade with Asian and European nations on cheaply produced and easily washed cotton cloth. Another source of revenue came from tributes paid by military retainers and land taxes.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">by 17th century, Mughal India had become one of the major overseas destinations for European traders
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">brought products throughout Asia, and little from Europe, to exchange for a variety of Indian manufactures, particularly the sub-continent's famed cotton textiles


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">trade gap that the demand for Indian cotton cloth and clothing had created in the West in Roman times had persisted a millennia later
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">India textile trade to the West
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">different kinds of cotton cloth, from calico to chintz and muslin
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">were easily washed and inexpensive, winning a large market among working and middle classes in Britain and elsewhere in Europe
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">in the regions of Queen Mary and Queen Anne, fine Indian cloth came into fashion at the court as well


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the court and central bureaucracy were supported by revenues drawn from the tribute paid by the military retainers and from taxes in lands set aside for the support of the imperial household ||
 * S || **MI: Beginning in Akbar's reign, the social aspect of the Mughals improves, esp. for women, with the right for widows to remarry, venture out of the household, and prohibition of underage marriage. Post Akbar's reign, these freedoms reverted back to its previous limitations of seclusion within the home, underage marriage, and others.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Akbar** pushed for social changes that he believed would greatly benefit his subjects.
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">beyond public works, Akbar sought to improve the calendar, establish living quarters for the large population of beggars and vagabonds in the cities, and to regulate consumption of alcohol
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">changed positions of women
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">encouraged widow remarriage, at the point taboo for both Hindus and Muslims, and discouraged child marriages
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the latter were so widespread among the upper classes that he did not try to outlaw them, and its doubtful that his disapproval did much to curb the practice


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">legally prohibited **sati**, the burning of high-caste Hindu women on their husbands' funeral pyres
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">tried to provide relief for women trapped in **purdah**, or seclusion in their homes, by encouraging the merchants of Delhi and other cities to set aside special markets for women only


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Akbar:
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">encouraged intermarriage b/t Mughal aristocracy and the families of the Hindu Rajput rulers
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">promoted Hindus to the highest ranks of government, ended a longstanding ban on the building of new Hindu temples, and ordered Muslims to respect cows, which the Hindu majority viewed as sacred


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muslim and Hindu warrior aristocrats who formed the core of the supporters of the Mughal dynasty were granted peasant villages for their support
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">required to maintain a specified number of cavalry and to be on call if the emperor needed their services


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the court and central bureaucracy were supported by revenues drawn from the tribute paid by the military retainers and from taxes in lands set aside for the support of the imperial household
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">wives took advantage of their husband's neglect of politics to win positions of power and influence at Mughal court
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jahangir's wife, **Nur Jahan**, amassed power as he became more and more addicted to wine and opium
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Shah Jahan's consort, Mumtax Mahal, became involved in court politics


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">although position of women at Mughal court improved in the middle years of the dynasty's power, that of woemn in the rest of Indian society decline
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">child marriage grew more populat, age limit lowered
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">widow marriage among Hindus nearly died out
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">seclusion more and more enforce for upper-caste women, Hindu and Muslim
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">were physically abused if ventured outside of home


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">tax fell heavily on Hindu poor and in some cases, drove them to support sectarian movements that rose to resist Aurangzeb ||
 * P || **MI: The political setup of the Mughal Empire was a government of one ruler, with an administration that presided over designated areas, as long as they swore loyalty and service to him. Eventually, the empire geared towards decline as a result of corruption, and to solve this, expansion took place. As rulers expanded, however, internal rebellions began.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">government centered around a single ruler and an administration
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Muslim and Hindu warrior aristocrats who formed the core of the supporters of the Mughal dynasty were granted peasant villages for their support
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">required to maintain a specified number of cavalry and to be on call if the emperor needed their services


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">the court and central bureaucracy were supported by revenues drawn from the tribute paid by the military retainers and from taxes in lands set aside for the support of the imperial household


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">founder of Mughal dynasty: Babur
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">succeeded by son, Humayan in 1530
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1540 - armies shattered, forced to flee to Persia


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">followed by Akbar, a great military commander with great personal courage
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">ascended to throne at age 13
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">presided over the building of military and administrative systems that would form the backbone of the Mughal empire for centuries
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">carried out many social reforms and invented his own universalistic religion
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">1560- extended the empire through conquests, to north and central India
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">pursued policy of reconciliation and cooperation with the Hindu princes and the Hindu majority of the population of his realm
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">abolished the jizya, or head tax, that earlier Muslim rulers had levied on Hindu nonbelievers

||
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">by end of **Aurangzeb's** reign
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">internal rebellions
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">**Marattas** in wester India put an end to effective Mughal control over large areas
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">new rise of sects like the **Sikhs** in northwest, further strained the declining resources of an imperial system that was overextended
 * I || **MI: Much of Mughal interactions were centered around trade, with contacts in Asia and Europe, as well as conquest and expansion of the empire.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">trade:
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">India's location enabled it to trade and interact with Asia and Europe
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">trade cloths among other materials

|| || ||
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">conquest:
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Akbar expanded the Mughal empire northward
 * R || **MI: The two religions in the Mughal Empire were Hindu and Muslim, and Akbar attempted to unite the two faiths through the introduction of Din-i-llahi.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">blended elements of many religions
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Akbar invented new faith, **Din-i-Ilahi**, that believed could be used to unite his Hindu and Muslim subjects
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">reasoned that if the adherents of India's diverse religions could be convinced to embrace this common creed, sectarian quarrels and even violent conflict could be brought to end
 * I || **MI: Mughal intellect involved the advance infrastructure built by rulers, as well as the games and forms of entertainment they devised.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">polo matches, ox, tiger, elephant fights, games of pachisi
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Jahangir and Shah Jahan devoted massive resources to building architecture
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Taj Mahal, which became symbol for India itself
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">audience hall in Red Fort at Delhi
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Akbar's tomb at Sikandra
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">tomb of Itimad al-Dowleh at Agra
 * T || **MI: Technology in the Mughal empire focused on cloth production for trade Asia and Europe, as well as architecture, consisting of combined traditions of Persian and Hindu.**
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">cloth --> cotton, calico, modern day cotton for pajamas
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">architecture
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">blends of Persian and Hindu traditions
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Islamic: domes, arches, minarets
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">with


 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Hindu love of ornament
 * <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">ceramic tiles, white marble, semiprecious stones, arranged in floral/ geometric patterns ||

<span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Reached the Americas in 1509 leading to first settlement  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">European travelers went into America and found ways to China. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Military technology > guns + gunpoweder + naval power + navigational technology <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mongol exchange created more desire for asian goods  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Revival of Empire building > taking over large pieces of lands <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Population grew, needed to expand <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Remained along with England, Spain, France leaders of the world <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Christianity <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo2; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Commercial Kingdom  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spread of Smallpox + other diseases <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">War of the Spanish Succession ensued losing Spanish prescence in Brazil until a new family resided over it w/ Bourbon reforms <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Slave trade <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">colonization  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Mestizo blood traits and hierarchy with the Europeans on Top <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">An official Spanish watched government implemented into the people.such as the Council of Indies and Letrados <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo8; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sugar plantations in Brazil  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Agricultural landscapre rather than technological. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Spread of Christianity and conversion into the Natives <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo9; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Conquerors travelled to America because of the rumors of gold and fortune. || <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2.Spread of Smallpox + other diseases <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. Encomienda System using natives as slaves, but developed into using Africans as slaves increasing the slave trade  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Being taken over by the Europeans <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. coerced labor <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo10; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">An official Spanish watched government implemented into the people.such as the Council of Indies and Letrados  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Explopitation of resources and people by Europeans to expand economic interests <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-indent: -.25in;"><span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Social hierarchy, those on top were nobles and those on the bottom were conquered people || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Population doubled to 36 million in 18th century. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Pugachev rebellion promised to end serfdom and taxes and military conscription; failed. || <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Adaption of Western Culture and Ideas without tempering with traditions already set, by Catherine and Peter. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Development of the serfdom class to expand economic interests = laws passed for work and economic dependence  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. Fuedalistic appeal from Western Europe and the use of Cossacks <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. Always a little behind the Western Europeans  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Economy remained backwats  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Islam/religious intent <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Center without access to expansionist roles <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Sunni-Shi’a split  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Christiniaty was banned <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Created new rising class of Merchants due to European trade. || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Chinese Currency was to be paid in silver Taels <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">5. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Neo-Confucian, Ming Dynasty in China. || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Civil service exams <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Confucianism <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Isolated <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo16; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Did not wish to bea major prescence in the rold economy  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1640, executed a group of Potuguese explorers  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Takugawa and the role of European influence. <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">4. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Detestment of Europeans trying to destroy the culture of Japan  ||  <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">`1. Isolated, <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">6. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Neo <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">7. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Fuedalistic  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Trading gold and slaves <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Europeans came to dominate the land  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">African Slave Trade <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo13; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Factories <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Increased power in African kingdoms and the atlantic trade <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo17; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">2. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Increased trade between Europeans  ||
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Region **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   ||  ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Major Events  **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   ||  ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Major Developments  **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   ||  ** <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Major Continuities  **  ||
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Western Europe **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Enlightenment, Protestantism, Reformation, Scientific Revolution 15th -16th century
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Central/South Americas **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some areas were completely killed off due to the Columbian exchange
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">North America **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo6; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Some areas were completely killed off due to the Columbian exchange
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Russia **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo5; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Got rid of Mongol Control 1400’s
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Middle East **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .75in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">3. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Split into the Ottomans, Mughals, Safavids   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo11; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Militaristic geared towards wardfare and expansion
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">India **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   ||   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo4; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Small settlements of land looked after by Europeans in order to secure trade   ||   ||
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">China **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo14; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Civil Service Exams continued
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Japan **<span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">   || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo15; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">National Seclusion Politcy to prohibit Japanese tram travelling aborad + to keep Europeans from influence culture and religion
 * ** <span style="color: black; font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Africa **  || <span style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo12; text-align: center; text-indent: -.25in;"> <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">1. <span style="font-family: 'Lucida Bright',serif; font-size: 12pt;">Songhai Kingdom + Kongo